https://goodauthority.org/news/do-policymakers-listen-to-evidence-or-their-own-biases/

From the New York Times: White House Exerts Enormous Influence Over F.B.I., Lawsuit Says

Another check on executive power: 

- Click here for the article. 

- Click here for the lawsuit.

Dear ChatGPT: What is a chilling effect?

A - potentially intentional - consequence of the actions against the A&M prof: 


A chilling effect refers to the discouragement or suppression of the legitimate exercise of legal rights—especially free speech and free expression—due to the fear of legal penalties, government retaliation, or other negative consequences.

In other words, even if an action (like speaking, publishing, or protesting) is technically lawful, people might refrain from doing it because they worry about punishment, lawsuits, investigations, or harassment.

For example:

- If a vague or broad law makes people unsure whether criticizing the government could get them fined or arrested, they may choose to stay silent.
- If journalists fear being sued for defamation when reporting on public officials, they might avoid publishing critical stories, even if those stories are true.
- The term is often used in constitutional law, particularly in discussions of the First Amendment in the United States, where courts strike down laws or government actions if they risk creating a chilling effect on protected speech.

For the full answer, click here.

Topics from my morning classes:

The Cooly Trade - US Code

Coolie

How recently have felons been punished by losing a limb in the US|

Recent no bills by grand jurors in texas?

Terry v Ohio

the spanish inquisiton

Plea Bargaining - controversy

Chemical castration - cruel and unusual

is surgical castration constitutional?

1985 sc ruling

purpose of punishment

From the Houston Chronicle: Texas A&M University System orders audit of all courses after gender identity lesson goes viral

An almost certain free speech Supreme Court case.


- Click here for the article.  


The Texas A&M University System Board of Regents ordered an audit Tuesday of courses at all 12 schools in the system as institutional leaders face conservative backlash over a professor’s teaching of gender identity in a children’s literature class.

University President Mark A Welsh III said he had directed the school's provost to fire the professor involved, effective immediately.

"This isn’t about academic freedom; it’s about academic responsibility," Welsh wrote. "Our degree programs and courses go through extensive approval processes, and we must ensure that what we ultimately deliver to students is consistent with what was approved."

The announcements come one day after State Rep. Brian Harrison, R-Midlothian, posted a video on X, formerly known as Twitter, showing a student telling an unnamed Texas A&M professor that they are not sure that their presentation on gender and sexuality is legal because there are only two genders according to President Donald Trump.

“This also very much goes against not only myself but a lot of people’s religious beliefs,” the student said before being asked to leave. “I am not going to participate in this because it’s not legal, and I don’t want to promote something that is against our president’s laws as well as against my religious beliefs."

Some useful terminology as we continue reading through the U.S. Constitution

- suffrage

- civil liberties 

- unenumerated rights

- equal protection of the law

- naturalization / citizenship

A few more current Supreme Court cases involving executive power.

- Trump administration asks SCOTUS once again for ability to freeze billions in foreign aid.

- The status of Trump’s RIFs.

- Supreme Court agrees to decide the fate of Trump’s tariffs.

- Supreme Court permits Trump’s firing of FTC commissioner to remain in place.

From ScotusBlog: Supreme Court allows federal officers to more freely make immigration stops in LA

A case involving the due process guarantees in the 4th Amendment - sort of.

- Click here for the article.  

- Click here for Noem v. Perdomo.

From the article: 


The Supreme Court on Monday paused a ruling by a federal judge in Los Angeles that imposed restrictions on the ability of federal agents to make immigration stops that the plaintiffs say are based on racial profiling. The order by U.S. District Judge Maame Ewusi-Mensah Frimpong barred agents in the Central District of California – an area with a population of approximately 20 million people – from making such stops without reasonable suspicion that the person being stopped is in the United States illegally. Reasonable suspicion, Frimpong added, cannot rest solely on any combination of four factors: “apparent race or ethnicity,” speaking in Spanish or accented English, being present at a location where undocumented immigrants “are known to gather” (such as pick-up spots for day laborers), and working at specific jobs, such as landscaping or construction.

Monday’s order by the Supreme Court puts Frimpong’s ruling on hold while the Trump administration’s appeals continue. In an opinion agreeing with the decision to grant the government’s request for a stay, Justice Brett Kavanaugh emphasized what he characterized as the narrow role of judges in immigration cases. Judges, he wrote, “may have views on which policy approach is better or fairer. But judges are not appointed to make those policy calls. We merely ensure,” he stressed, “that the Executive Branch acts within the confines of the Constitution and federal statutes.”

Justice Sonia Sotomayor dissented from Monday’s ruling, in a 21-page opinion joined by Justices Elena Kagan and Ketanji Brown Jackson. Sotomayor described the court’s action as “yet another grave misuse of our emergency docket. We should not have to live in a country,” she wrote, “where the Government can seize anyone who looks Latino, speaks Spanish, and appears to work a low wage job. Rather than stand idly by while our constitutional freedoms are lost,” she concluded, “I dissent.”

The case stems from federal immigration raids that began in the Los Angeles area in June as part of what some government officials have called the “largest Mass Deportation Operation” in U.S. history. Describing the government’s actions as creating “an illegal detention and deportation dragnet,” a group that includes both U.S. citizens and undocumented immigrants who had been targeted by the raids went to federal court the following month. They contended, among other things, that the raids violated the Fourth Amendment’s ban on “unreasonable searches and seizures,” which the Supreme Court has held generally prohibits immigration officials from stopping someone in public unless they have reasonable suspicion that the person being stopped has violated federal law or immigration law. That reasonable suspicion, the challengers contended in their complaint, must be based on “specific articulable facts,” rather than “broad profiles which cast suspicion on entire categories of people.”

How America became a superpower

 

Texas Squatting Policy

Texas AI Overview:

Texas law does not grant squatters inherent rights but instead follows an "adverse possession" doctrine, where someone can claim ownership of abandoned property by meeting strict conditions of open, continuous, and exclusive possession for a set period, typically 3, 5, or 10 years. To remove a squatter, a property owner must pursue a formal eviction through the court system, starting with a notice to quit and eventually obtaining a writ of possession that allows law enforcement to forcibly remove the squatter. 2025 legislation aims to expedite this process.

Adverse Possession in Texas

For a squatter to successfully claim ownership through adverse possession, they must meet several requirements, which can result in ownership claims under different timeframes:

- Hostile/Adverse Possession: The squatter must be on the property without the owner's permission.
- Actual Possession: The squatter must be actively occupying the property.
- Open and Notorious: The squatter's presence must be visible and obvious, not hidden.
- Exclusive Possession: The property cannot be shared with others.
- Continuous Possession: The occupancy must be uninterrupted for the required period.

Timeframes for Adverse Possession

- 3 Years: The squatter must have a "color of title" (some irregular claim to ownership) and live on the property.
- 5 Years: The squatter must pay property taxes on the property and live there for the duration.
- 10 Years: Without color of title or tax payments, the squatter must reside on the property for a full 10 years and make improvements.

Removing a Squatter

- Notice to Vacate: The property owner must serve a formal notice to the squatter.
- File for Eviction: If the squatter doesn't leave, the owner files a forcible detainer action in a Texas Justice of the Peace Court.
- Court Hearing: The owner attends a hearing to prove ownership.
- Writ of Possession: If successful, the court issues a writ, giving the squatter a final notice to vacate.
- Law Enforcement Intervention: If the squatter still refuses to leave, law enforcement can be called to forcibly remove them after a 24-hour window.

__________

- Eviction bill now focuses on squatters in Texas House rewrite.

- Gov. Abbott Signs Anti-Squatting Legislation.

- What are Texas squatters' rights?

- Introduction to the New Squatter Laws in Texas 2025 Session.

- TEXAS COMMISSION ON LAW ENFORCEMENT.

- Squatters Rights in Texas & Adverse Possession Laws 2024.

More on California Penal Code 647(e) (PC 647(e))

The law mentioned in the post below.

- Click here for the law itself.

A description from AI overview: 

California Penal Code 647(e) (PC 647(e)) prohibits illegal squatting, which is the act of lodging in a public or private building, structure, vehicle, or place without the permission of the owner or person entitled to control it. This offense is classified as disorderly conduct and can result in a misdemeanor charge, up to six months in county jail, and a fine of up to $1,000.

What constitutes illegal squatting under PC 647(e)?

- Lodging:.Opens in new tab
The key element is "lodging," meaning staying or sleeping in a place for an extended period.
- Lack of permission:.Opens in new tab
The lodging must be without the consent of the property owner or legal controller.
- Unauthorized habitation:.Opens in new tab
This provision prohibits unauthorized habitation in a public or private place.

Examples of illegal squatting:

- Living in a car in a public parking lot without permission.
- Sleeping in a tent on a public square with personal belongings.
- Using a cot in an apartment without the renters' consent.

Related offenses:

- Loitering (PC 647(h)): Lingering on someone's property without a lawful purpose.
- Trespassing (PC 602): Entering or staying on property without permission.
- Failure to disperse (PC 416): Refusing to leave after being ordered to do so by police.

Potential defenses:

- Lack of intent to lodge: You only intended to be there temporarily and didn't indicate an intent to stay for an extended period.
- Permission: You had the owner's permission to be on the property.
- Mistaken belief: You had a reasonable belief that you were on private property where you were permitted to be.

Looking Ahead: Some Legislative Links

- Congress.gov.

- Texas Legislature Online. 

- Harris County Commissioners Court.

- Houston City Council.

From Vintage Everyday: The Mugshot of 19-Year-Old Phyllis Stalnaker, Who Was Arrested in 1944 for Being a “Weedhead” and a “Tramp”

 

- Click here for the source.

Here’s the mugshot of Phyllis J. Stalnaker, a 19-year-old woman arrested in San Diego in 1944. The booking photo labels her as a “weedhead” and a “tramp,” terms that, at the time, were used to criminalize behaviors and lifestyles now viewed with more nuance.

At the time, the word “tramp” didn’t carry the connotation it does today. It referred to someone who was homeless, often wandering from place to place in search of work or survival. It was a term used broadly—and often unfairly—by law enforcement to target people they deemed undesirable.

By all accounts, Phyllis was likely arrested not because of any real crime, but because a police officer simply didn’t want her on that street corner, in that part of town. As one observer later noted, in 1940s San Diego, being called a “tramp” could mean nothing more than being in the wrong place at the wrong time.

The law used to charge her—California Penal Code 647(e)—essentially criminalized homelessness and was not ruled unconstitutional until 1983. That means for decades, people like Phyllis were vulnerable to being punished simply for existing in public.

Sadly, Phyllis’s life ended young. She died in January 1961 at the age of just 35. She passed away in a hospital, but no cause of death was officially recorded.

Ask ChatGPT: What is the legal definition of "tramp?"

Ask ChatGPT: What is the legal definition of "weedhead?"

Dear ChatGPT: What is a summary power? What is a summary killing?

A summary power is a power that can be exercised immediately and without going through the usual, full legal process (like a jury trial, lengthy hearings, or detailed procedures).

Key points about summary powers:

- “Summary” means swift and without formality.
- It allows an authority (like a judge, an executive officer, or a legislature) to act quickly.
- They are usually justified in situations where speed is considered essential (e.g., to maintain order, enforce compliance, or protect public safety).
- But they are also controversial, because skipping due process can risk abuse of power.

Examples

- Courts: A judge can use the summary power of contempt to fine or jail someone immediately for disrupting court proceedings.
- Legislatures: A legislative body might have the summary power to discipline or expel a member without a lengthy trial.
- Military / Police: In some historical contexts, officers claimed summary powers to punish or execute without trial—what we would now call unlawful or extrajudicial.

In short, a summary power is an extraordinary legal authority to act swiftly and decisively, often bypassing normal procedures.

____________


A summary killing is the killing of a person immediately and without a trial, hearing, or other due process of law.

- “Summary” = done quickly, without the usual legal procedures.
- “Killing” = taking a life.

So a summary killing usually refers to an extrajudicial execution—when authorities, soldiers, police, or others take a life on the spot instead of going through the judicial system.

Key Features

- No trial or legal judgment.
- Often carried out by state agents (military, police, rulers).
- Usually justified at the time as punishment, deterrence, or maintaining order.
- Today, under international law, summary killings are considered serious human rights violations.

Example: If a government orders captured prisoners to be executed immediately, without trial, that would be a summary killing.

 

From the New York Times: Trump Claims the Power to Summarily Kill Suspected Drug Smugglers

More testing the constitutional limits on executiev power.

- Click here for the full article. 

By ordering the U.S. military to summarily kill a group of people aboard what he said was a drug-smuggling boat, President Trump used the military in a way that had no clear legal precedent or basis, according to specialists in the laws of war and executive power.

Mr. Trump is claiming the power to shift maritime counterdrug efforts from law enforcement rules to wartime rules. The police arrest criminal suspects for prosecution and cannot instead simply gun suspects down, except in rare circumstances where they pose an imminent threat to someone.

By contrast, in armed conflicts, troops can lawfully kill enemy combatants on sight.

Because killing people is so extreme — and doing it without due process risks killing the wrong people by mistake — the question of which rules apply is not simply a matter of policy choice. Domestic and international law both set standards constraining when presidents and nations can lawfully use wartime force.

After breaking new ground by labeling drug cartels as “terrorists,” the president is now redefining the peacetime criminal problem of drug trafficking as an armed conflict, and telling the U.S. military to treat even suspected low-level drug smugglers as combatants.

Beria vs. Malenkov: A Fatal Betrayal in the Struggle for Power

First draft of the Declaration of Independence | US History | Khan Academy

Catching up with the news . . .

- Texas moves to allow anyone to sue abortion pill prescribers, distributors.

The bill, backed by antiabortion activists and passed in the state Senate on Wednesday, allows private citizens to sue companies and individuals who manufacture or distribute abortion pills to patients in Texas. Winning plaintiffs would get a minimum of $100,000 in damages.

. . . In eight Democratic-led states, abortion providers can prescribe and mail the pills — typically a two-step drug regimen — to patients across the country under “shield” laws designed to give them legal cover from out-of-state prosecution.


- Judge rules Trump administration cannot withhold funding from Harvard.

U.S. District Judge Allison D. Burroughs said freezing and canceling more than $2 billion in research grants and other federal actions violated Harvard’s First Amendment rights and amounted to “retaliation, unconstitutional conditions, and unconstitutional coercion.”

Her ruling, which is likely to be appealed, vacated the government’s funding freeze and barred it from using similar reasoning to block grants to Harvard in the future.


- Trump’s Sweeping Tariffs Invalidated by Appeals Court.

A federal appeals court ruled on Friday that many of President Trump’s most punishing tariffs were illegal, delivering a major setback to Mr. Trump’s agenda that may severely undercut his primary source of leverage in an expanding global trade war.

The ruling, from the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit, affirmed a lower court’s initial finding in May that Mr. Trump did not possess unlimited authority to impose taxes on nearly all imports to the United States.

. . . The adverse ruling still cast doubt on the centerpiece of Mr. Trump’s trade strategy, which relies on a 1970s law to impose sweeping duties on dozens of the country’s trading partners. Mr. Trump has harnessed that law — the International Emergency Economic Powers Act, or IEEPA — to raise revenue and to pressure other countries into brokering favorable deals. The law has typically been reserved for sanctions and embargoes against other nations.


- Judge Blocks Pillar of Trump’s Mass Deportation Campaign.

The case focused on a policy shift announced during the first week of Mr. Trump’s second term that authorized the Department of Homeland Security to launch quick deportations, across the country and without court proceedings, of undocumented immigrants who cannot prove they have lived in the country for more than two years.

. . . Such quick deportations, known as expedited removal, have been carried out for decades, but they were concentrated among people arrested at or near the southern border. The Trump administration sought to expand the practice nationwide, to hasten the removal of people arrested deep inside the country.

In a 48-page opinion, Judge Jia M. Cobb of the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia wrote that the Trump administration had acted recklessly in a frenzied effort to quickly remove as many people as possible, likely violating due process rights and risking wrongful detentions.

From the Texas Trbune: Judge temporarily blocks Texas’ Ten Commandments requirement in 11 school districts

A great example of both checks and balances and federalism. 

This is just round one. 

You might want to microwave some popcorn and enjoy the show.


- Click here for the full article.  

A Texas federal judge on Wednesday temporarily blocked from taking full effect a new state law requiring public schools to display donated posters of the Ten Commandments in classrooms.

The ruling only applies to the nearly a dozen Texas school districts named in the lawsuit, though attorneys who brought forth the case expressed hope in court that other districts would not implement a law that a federal judge has now found unconstitutional.

In his decision, U.S. District Judge Fred Biery concluded that the law favors Christianity over other faiths, is not neutral with respect to religion and is likely to interfere with families' “exercise of their sincere religious or nonreligious beliefs in substantial ways.”

“There are ways in which students could be taught any relevant history of the Ten Commandments without the state selecting an official version of scripture, approving it in state law, and then displaying it in every classroom on a permanent basis,” Biery wrote in his opinion, adding that the law “crosses the line from exposure to coercion.”

Texas is expected to appeal the ruling. Once that happens, the case will go to the same federal appeals court where a three-judge panel recently blocked Louisiana's Ten Commandments law from taking effect. Louisiana's attorney general has said she would seek further relief from the full appeals court and possibly the U.S. Supreme Court.

Oral arguments in the Texas case, Rabbi Nathan v. Alamo Heights Independent School District, concluded on Monday, several weeks after 16 parents of various religious backgrounds, represented by the American Civil Liberties Union of Texas and other religious freedom organizations, sued the state over what their lawyers called "catastrophically unconstitutional” legislation.

- Click here for the bill.

 

 

Dear ChatGPT: What requirements must be met in order to legally exhibit wild animals?

The requirements for legally exhibiting wild animals depend on the jurisdiction (federal, state, and sometimes local laws), the type of animal, and the context of the exhibition (zoo, circus, educational display, private facility, etc.). In general, several key areas of law and regulation apply in the United States:


1. Federal Requirements

- USDA License (Animal Welfare Act)
- - Anyone who publicly exhibits warm-blooded wild animals (zoos, circuses, roadside menageries, wildlife parks, etc.) must obtain a USDA Class C Exhibitor License under the Animal Welfare Act.
- - This requires meeting standards for housing, feeding, sanitation, veterinary care, and animal handling.
- - Regular inspections are conducted to ensure compliance.

- Endangered Species Act (ESA)
- - Special federal permits are required to exhibit, transport, or breed endangered or threatened species.
- - Applicants must demonstrate that the exhibition serves educational, scientific, or conservation purposes.

- Migratory Bird Treaty Act (MBTA)
- - Exhibiting migratory birds requires permits from the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service.

- Marine Mammal Protection Act (MMPA)
- - Special authorization is required to keep and exhibit marine mammals (dolphins, seals, whales, etc.).


2. State Requirements

- Each state regulates the possession and exhibition of wild animals differently. Many require:
- - State Exhibitor Permit or License (often issued by the state wildlife agency).
- - Proof of adequate enclosures, veterinary care, and liability insurance.
- - Compliance with public safety laws (barriers, signage, emergency protocols).
- - Restrictions on certain species considered dangerous (big cats, bears, primates, venomous reptiles).
- - Some states outright ban private exhibition of specific species.


3. Local (County/City) Requirements

- Zoning laws may restrict or prohibit exhibiting wild animals in certain areas.

- Public safety ordinances may impose extra requirements, such as escape plans, inspections by local animal control, or event-specific permits.


4. General Standards That Must Be Met

- To legally exhibit wild animals, an exhibitor generally must:
- - Obtain the proper federal, state, and local licenses/permits.
- - Provide safe, secure, and humane housing.
- - Demonstrate access to veterinary care.
- - Ensure public safety protections (barriers, trained handlers, emergency procedures).
- - Use animals in a way that serves an educational, conservation, or entertainment purpose (depending on permit conditions).
- - Keep detailed records of acquisition, transport, and health care.

An Investigation into Siegried and Roy's Tiger Accident from the United States Departmenty of Agriculture

- Click here for the accident.

- Who are these guys? 

- Click here for the report.

From the Washington Post: The Supreme Court has expanded Trump’s power. He’s seeking much more.

The legislature has supported the president's expansion of executive power. The judiciary has a little, but how much further may it go?

- Click here for the article.  

The Supreme Court has already expanded President Donald Trump’s authority in a string of emergency rulings, but in his firing of Federal Reserve governor Lisa Cook and other issues probably headed to the court, he’s signaling that he continues to seek broader powers for the executive branch.

The cases could serve as major tests of how much further the nation’s high court is willing to go to bless the president’s assertion of executive authority. They differ from previous showdowns because of the sheer magnitude of the authority Trump is seeking to wield and because he wants greater control over powers the Constitution ascribes to another branch of government.

In addition to Cook’s case, which could make its way to the high court after she sued last week, a blockbuster case over Trump’s tariffs is expected to arrive at the Supreme Court soon after an appeals court struck them down. The Trump administration’s push to withhold tens of billions of dollars in foreign aid appropriated by Congress could also end up in the court.

A Harris County Property Tax Assessment

A nice concise look at the local governments I help fund.

Dear ChatGPT: Why do people think crime is increasing while crime rates indicate that they are decreasing?

A nice look at the factors which help shape public opinion. 


That’s a really good question, and it touches on the gap between perception of crime and measured crime rates. People often believe crime is rising even when statistics show it’s falling, and researchers point to several reasons:

1. Media Coverage
- News outlets tend to highlight violent or unusual crimes because they grab attention.
- Social media spreads local incidents widely, making isolated crimes feel more frequent.
- The saying “if it bleeds, it leads” reflects how crime stories dominate headlines.

2. Cognitive Biases
- Availability heuristic: People judge how common something is by how easily they can recall examples. If you’ve recently seen or read about a crime, you assume it’s happening more often.
- Negativity bias: Bad news tends to stick more strongly in memory than good news.

3. Politics and Public Debate
- Crime is often used as a campaign issue. Politicians may emphasize rising crime (or the fear of it) to push for certain policies, regardless of long-term trends.
- Talking points about being "tough on crime" reinforce the idea that crime is getting worse.

4. Personal Experience and Community Factors
- Even if national crime rates drop, certain neighborhoods may see local spikes. People generalize from their immediate surroundings.
- Property crimes like theft or vandalism, which are more visible to individuals, can shape perception more than official statistics.

5. Mistrust of Statistics
- Some believe crime data underreports reality, since not all crimes are reported to police.
- When people hear “crime is down,” they may feel it contradicts their lived experience.

6. Long-Term vs. Short-Term Trends
- Violent crime in the U.S., for example, dropped dramatically from the 1990s to the mid-2010s. But small recent increases (e.g., during 2020–2021) can feel large in the short term, even though overall levels remain much lower than decades ago.

In short: crime feels like it’s increasing because of media, psychology, politics, and local experiences, even though measured rates often show long-term declines.

There is a difference between crime and the perception of crimes

 

Two different ways of looking at the same - more or less - thing.

How do we get crime data?

Dear ChapGPT: 

Crime rates are usually measured by governments and researchers using official data sources and surveys. The most common ways include:

1. Police Reports and Official Records
- Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) in the U.S. (run by the FBI) collect crime data reported by local law enforcement agencies.
- Crimes are typically categorized as violent crimes (murder, assault, robbery, rape) and property crimes (burglary, theft, motor vehicle theft, arson).
- The "crime rate" is usually expressed as the number of reported crimes per 100,000 people in a given year.

2. Victimization Surveys
- Not all crimes are reported to police, so victim surveys help capture the “dark figure of crime.”
- Example: National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) in the U.S. asks people if they’ve experienced crime, even if they didn’t report it.
- These surveys give a broader picture of crime trends, especially for underreported crimes like sexual assault or domestic violence.

3. Self-Report Surveys
- Individuals (often students or community members) are asked whether they’ve committed certain crimes.
- Useful for studying crimes that are less likely to be reported (e.g., drug use, minor theft, vandalism).

4. Court and Prison Data
- Conviction rates, sentencing, and incarceration statistics can also serve as indirect measures of crime.
- These reflect the justice system’s response to crime, not necessarily total crime levels.

In short: Crime rates are most often reported as number of crimes per 100,000 population, based on police data, but researchers also use victim surveys and self-reports to capture unreported or hidden crime.

Direct searches: 

FBI: Crime Data Reporter.

im just an bill- the simpsons version im just an amendment to be

A look at the accreditation process

Legislative fallout from July's floods.

- July 2025 Central Texas floods.

From the Texas Tribune: A rigorous accreditation program inspired Texas’ camp reforms. Here’s what that process looks like.


Train staff on various emergencies, file emergency plans with local emergency personnel, maintain communication methods in case phone and internet services go down, and teach campers how to respond during crises.

Seventy six youth camps in Texas must meet these requirements and dozens more to be accredited by the American Camp Association — the gold standard of camp safety and operation — and some of those measures are among the camp reforms that Texas lawmakers seek to implement following the deadly July 4 floods.

“Texas has a good set of minimum practices. But often, those might be several pages. We have 266 standards that is a literal book of standards, as opposed to a couple of pages,” said Henry DeHart, interim president and CEO of the American Camp Association. “The state is now asking the question, should they be doing more?”

Large camp safety omnibus legislation that will likely pass the Legislature in the coming weeks folds in some of the standards required for ACA accreditation, including requiring camps to train their staff and campers on various emergencies and responses, to have a plan with local emergency personnel, and to maintain operable communication methods. Other requirements of the bill not included in ACA accreditation include removing cabins from operation if they are located on the floodplain, maintaining redundant internet connections, and establishing floodplain safety requirements.

Less than two months after rising floodwaters killed at least 138 people, including 27 campers and counselors at Camp Mystic, the Texas camp industry is largely hesitant to say how much work — and the costs — will go into meeting the requirements of any new legislation.

A good comparison point, however, is to examine the ACA’s lengthy, and at times, expensive accreditation process, according to multiple ACA-accredited Texas camps who spoke to The Texas Tribune. About 10% of Texas’ more than 700 youth and adult camps are accredited by their organization. Camp Mystic was not ACA accredited.

One of the main differences between the current state regulations and the standards for ACA accreditation is the level of detail required in the review process for emergency preparedness and overall safety. Currently, the state has 15 standards broken down to around 80 criteria compared to the over 200 standards for ACA, making for a more rigorous review process.

. . . For the most part, camps across the nation are regulated at the state level, and there is no consistency in how they are meant to operate. For example, one state may require helmets and life jackets on the water, while another may not. The only way to determine this is to consult the relevant state laws.

To become one of the approximately 375 youth camps licensed and regulated by the Texas Department of State Health Services, operators must undergo a background check and inspection. To maintain their licenses, camps must undergo an annual inspection with DSHS.

Adam Buuck, associate deputy commissioner for DSHS, told lawmakers during a camp safety hearing earlier this month that the state’s camp inspectors are primarily trained for sanitation inspections, not emergency plans.

The ACA accreditation program provides a set of national standards for health and safety for all camps. The third-party peer review process is entirely voluntary and has no regulatory authority.

__________

- Accreditation.

- HB 1 - Relating to youth camp and campground emergency preparedness; authorizing civil and other penalties; making appropriations.

- Health and Safety Code - Youth Camps.

- Texas Health and Human Services - Youth Camp Program.

- American Camp Association.

On this day in History: August 28 and 29

August 28:

2003 – In "one of the most complicated and bizarre crimes in the annals of the FBI", Brian Wells dies after becoming involved in a complex plot involving a bank robbery, a scavenger hunt, and a homemade explosive device

1998 – Pakistan's National Assembly passes a constitutional amendment to make the "Qur'an and Sunnah" the "supreme law" but the bill is defeated in the Senate

1968 – Police and protesters clash during 1968 Democratic National Convention protests as protesters chant "The whole world is watching"

1867 – The United States takes possession of the (at this point unoccupied) Midway Atoll

1830 – The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad's new Tom Thumb steam locomotive races a horse-drawn car, presaging steam's role in U.S. railroads

August 29:

1997 – Netflix is launched as an internet DVD rental service

1991 – Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union suspends all activities of the Soviet Communist Party

1958 – United States Air Force Academy opens in Colorado Springs, Colorado

1916 – The United States passes the Philippine Autonomy Act

1911 – Ishi, considered the last Native American to make contact with European Americans, emerges from the wilderness of northeastern California

1898 – The Goodyear tire company is founded in Akron, Ohio

1869 – The Mount Washington Cog Railway opens, making it the world's first mountain-climbing rack railway

1831 – Michael Faraday discovers electromagnetic induction

1786 – Shays' Rebellion, an armed uprising of Massachusetts farmers, begins in response to high debt and tax burdens

When Saddam Hussein held a public purge

 

- Ottoman Empire.

- Dynasty.

- Ottoman dynasty.

- Osman I.

- Osmanoğlu family.

From the New York Times: New C.D.C. Director Is Fired, White House Says

 More tests of the removal powers of the president.

- Click here for it.


The White House said late Wednesday that it had fired Susan Monarez, the new director of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, after a tense confrontation in which Health Secretary Robert F. Kennedy Jr. tried to remove her from her position and she refused to resign.

Dr. Monarez, an infectious disease researcher, was sworn in just a month ago by Mr. Kennedy, but had clashed with the secretary over vaccine policy, people familiar with the events said. Four other high-profile C.D.C. officials quit en masse, apparently in frustration over vaccine policy and Mr. Kennedy’s leadership.

Because Dr. Monarez had been confirmed by the Senate — previous C.D.C. directors were not subject to such confirmation — she served at the pleasure of the president. Mr. Kennedy most likely did not have the authority to dismiss her.

Her lawyers insisted she was staying put. But at 9:30 p.m., a spokesman for President Trump, Kush Desai, said in an email message that Dr. Monarez had been terminated.

“As her attorney’s statement makes abundantly clear, Susan Monarez is not aligned with the President’s agenda of Making America Healthy Again,” Mr. Desai wrote.

“Since Susan Monarez refused to resign despite informing HHS leadership of her intent to do so, the White House has terminated Monarez from her position with the C.D.C.”

Dr. Monarez’s firing, along with the resignations of four of the C.D.C.’s top leaders, will undoubtedly throw the nation’s public health agency into further turmoil after a tumultuous month in which agency employees were laid off and a gunman fired a barrage of bullets at the Atlanta headquarters, killing a policeman and terrifying employees.

Dr. Monarez’s lawyers, Mark S. Zaid and Abbe Lowell, asserted in a statement earlier Wednesday that Dr. Monarez’s situation was symbolic of larger issues.

“It is about the systematic dismantling of public health institutions, the silencing of experts, and the dangerous politicization of science,” Mr. Zaid and Mr. Lowell wrote. “The attack on Dr. Monarez is a warning to every American: Our evidence-based systems are being undermined from within.”

- Susan Monarez.

- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

- Vaccination policy.

Regarding the First Written Assignment

It occurred to me after a conversation with a student that some of you aren't looking for an occupation, but you'd rather start a business.

If that's the case, figure out the laws that impact business formation. 

Here's the statutory code that would apply, but do a general search. See what you need to do.

- Business and Commerce Code
- Business Organizations Code

I'm sure there are many other places to go. Click here for the entire code. 

On this day in History:

August 26:

2011 – The Boeing 787 Dreamliner, Boeing's all-new composite airliner, receives certification from the EASA and the FAA

1920 – The 19th amendment to United States Constitution, giving women the right to vote, is certified

1849 – President Faustin Soulouque of the First Republic of Haiti has the Senate and Chamber of Deputies proclaim him the Emperor of Haiti, abolishing the Republic and inaugurating the Second Empire of Haiti.

1791 – John Fitch is granted a United States patent for the steamboat

1789 – The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen is approved by the National Constituent Assembly of France.

1768 – Captain James Cook sets sail from England on board HMS Endeavour

1767 – Jesuits all over Chile are arrested as the Spanish Empire suppresses the Society of Jesus

1748 – The first Lutheran denomination in North America, the Pennsylvania Ministerium, is founded in Philadelphia.


August 27:

2003 – The first six-party talks, involving South and North Korea, the United States, China, Japan and Russia, convene to find a peaceful resolution to the security concerns of the North Korean nuclear weapons program.

1991 – The European Community recognizes the independence of the Baltic states of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania

1980 – South Korean presidential election: After successfully staging the Coup d'état of May Seventeenth, General Chun Doo-hwan, running unopposed, has the National Conference for Unification elect him President of the Fourth Republic of Korea.

1964 – South Vietnamese junta leader Nguyễn Khánh enters into a triumvirate power-sharing arrangement with rival generals Trần Thiện Khiêm and Dương Văn Minh, who had both been involved in plots to unseat Khánh

1963 – An explosion at the Cane Creek potash mine near Moab, Utah kills 18 miners

1962 – The Mariner 2 unmanned space mission is launched to Venus by NASA

1928 – The Kellogg–Briand Pact outlawing war is signed by fifteen nations. Ultimately sixty-one nations will sign it

1859 – Petroleum is discovered in Titusville, Pennsylvania, leading to the world's first commercially successful oil well

1832 – Black Hawk, leader of the Sauk tribe of Native Americans, surrenders to U.S. authorities, ending the Black Hawk War

1776 – American Revolutionary War: Members of the 1st Maryland Regiment repeatedly charged a numerically superior British force during the Battle of Long Island, allowing General Washington and the rest of the American troops to escape

What is Government? What is Politics?

From ChatGPT:  

Define "Government"

"Government" is the system or organization through which political authority is exercised and public policy is made and enforced within a community, state, or nation.

More simply: it is the institution (or set of institutions) that has the power to make rules, implement laws, and manage the affairs of a society.

A government typically:

- Makes laws (legislative function)
- Enforces laws (executive function)
- Interprets laws (judicial function)

Provides services and protection (such as security, infrastructure, and rights)


Define "Politics"

"Politics" is the process by which people and groups make decisions about how power and resources are distributed within a community, society, or government.

In other words, politics is about who gets what, when, and how.

It usually involves:
- Power and influence – how individuals or groups try to shape decisions.
- Conflict and compromise – competing interests working toward agreements.

- Policy-making – deciding what rules, laws, or actions a government will take.

So, while government is the institution that rules, politics is the activity and struggle over how that rule is exercised.

Dear ChatGPT: why are certain federal executive agencies called "independent agencies?"

Certain agencies are called independent agencies because they are set up outside the executive departments and are intended to operate with a degree of independence from direct presidential control.


Here are the key reasons they’re considered "independent":

Not Part of Cabinet Departments: Unlike cabinet departments, independent agencies do not fall under the direct authority of a cabinet secretary. Instead, they report directly to the president or to Congress, depending on their structure.

Leadership Structure: Many are led by commissions or boards with multiple members (e.g., the Federal Trade Commission, the Securities and Exchange Commission). These leaders often serve fixed, staggered terms, which means the president cannot easily remove them at will.

Removal Protections: In some cases, the heads of these agencies can only be removed "for cause" (such as neglect of duty or misconduct) rather than at the president’s discretion. This is designed to insulate them from political pressure.

Specialized Functions: Independent agencies are often created by Congress to handle technical, regulatory, or enforcement tasks that require expertise and should be less subject to partisan politics. Examples include the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), NASA, and the Social Security Administration.

Balance of Power: Their independence helps ensure that certain important functions—like regulating markets, enforcing election laws, or protecting consumer rights—are carried out in a relatively impartial way, even when presidential or congressional leadership changes.


In short: They’re called "independent" because Congress designed them to operate with some insulation from presidential and partisan control, ensuring continuity, expertise, and fairness in certain government functions.

From the New York Times: Trump, in a Move With Little Precedent, Says He Is Firing a Fed Governor

- Click here for the article. 

President Trump said on Monday that he was taking the extraordinary step of removing Lisa Cook from the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve, in a legally dubious maneuver that could undermine the independence of the nation’s central bank.

Mr. Trump justified the firing, which he said was effective immediately, by pointing to allegations that Ms. Cook may have falsified records to obtain favorable terms on a mortgage. But Ms. Cook and her lawyer vowed to fight her dismissal, maintaining that the president did not have the grounds to oust her.

Ms. Cook has not been charged with wrongdoing or convicted of a crime. In the days before Mr. Trump attempted to remove her, the president had made no secret about his desire to remake the roster of the Fed, as he savaged its members, including Jerome H. Powell, the chair, for keeping interest rates too high.

By targeting Ms. Cook, Mr. Trump appeared to set the stage for a landmark battle that could define the limits of his power over the Fed. Many legal experts raised serious concerns late Monday with the manner of Ms. Cook’s dismissal, and the president’s justification for doing so, as they warned that Mr. Trump’s intervention could compromise an institution at the heart of the economy with damaging results.

In response: Lisa Cook Says She Will Not Step Down From the Fed Board.

Lisa Cook said that she would not step down from the Federal Reserve, hours after President Trump said that he was taking the extraordinary step of removing her from the central bank’s Board of Governors.

Mr. Trump announced the firing, which he said was effective immediately, earlier on Monday. He cited allegations that Ms. Cook may have falsified records in order to obtain favorable terms on a mortgage, even though she has not been charged with wrongdoing or convicted of a crime.

In a statement released through her lawyer on Monday evening, Ms. Cook said that “no cause exists under the law” for Mr. Trump to fire her.

“I will not resign,” she said. “I will continue to carry out my duties to help the American economy as I have been doing since 2022.”

Her lawyer, Abbe David Lowell, added: “We will take whatever actions are needed to prevent his attempted illegal action.”

Ms. Cook was initially appointed to the Board of Governors to fill an unexpired term. She was reappointed in 2023, and her full term is set to end in January 2038.

To fire Ms. Cook, Mr. Trump invoked a power in the Fed’s founding statute that allows him to remove members of the board with cause. He justified the maneuver, a legally dubious one that could undermine the independence of the central bank, by claiming that the allegations of mortgage fraud compromised Ms. Cook’s ability to perform as an effective financial regulator.

Mr. Trump has made no secret about his desire to remake the roster of the Federal Reserve, relentlessly attacking the central bank and its members in the hopes they will lower borrowing costs.

Until recently, he was focused on Jerome H. Powell, the Fed chair. But his attention recently turned to Ms. Cook. Bill Pulte, the director of the Federal Housing Finance Agency, last week accused her of falsifying records to obtain more favorable terms on mortgages, and said the agency had referred the issue to the Justice Department.

Dear ChatGPT: What is the extent of a president's removal powers?

The extent of a president’s removal powers (the ability of the U.S. president to fire executive branch officials) has been a debated constitutional question since the founding. The key points are:


1. Constitutional Basis

- The Constitution is silent on the president’s explicit removal power.
- Article II vests the “executive power” in the president and obliges the president to “take care that the laws be faithfully executed.”
- From this, many have argued that the president must be able to remove executive officials to ensure accountability.

2. Early Understanding

- 1789 Decision (the “Decision of 1789”): When creating the first executive departments, Congress debated whether the president alone could remove officials. The conclusion was that removal was an inherent presidential power (at least for purely executive officers).

3. Supreme Court Precedents

- Myers v. United States (1926): The Court held that the president has the exclusive power to remove executive branch officials (in this case, a postmaster) without Senate approval.
- Humphrey’s Executor v. United States (1935): The Court limited Myers, ruling that Congress can restrict removal of officials in independent regulatory agencies (like the FTC) who perform quasi-legislative or quasi-judicial functions.
- Morrison v. Olson (1988): Upheld limits on removal of independent counsel, ruling that such limits do not always violate separation of powers.
- Seila Law v. CFPB (2020): Court struck down restrictions on removal of the single director of the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau, reaffirming strong presidential removal power over principal executive officers.

4. Current Understanding

- Purely executive officers (e.g., Cabinet secretaries): The president can remove them at will.
- Independent agencies (e.g., FTC, SEC, Federal Reserve): Congress may grant some protections (like “for cause” removal), but the Court has been skeptical of broad restrictions.
- Inferior officers (e.g., certain prosecutors, administrative judges): Congress has some leeway to insulate them from removal, depending on their functions.

5. Limits

The president cannot remove federal judges (who serve during “good behavior”).

- Congress cannot directly remove executive officials, but it can impeach them.
- Congress can limit removal in certain independent agencies, though the Supreme Court has been narrowing these limits.


In short: The president has broad removal powers over executive officials, especially those who carry out core executive functions. Congress can create some limits for independent or quasi-legislative/quasi-judicial officers, but recent Supreme Court rulings have pushed back toward stronger presidential control.

A summary of what you should have learned in kindergarden through 5th grade

I'm trying to build from this foundation: 

Kindergarden
- Rules
- order, security, safety
- authority figures

First Grade
- laws
- home, school, community
- establish order
- provide security
- manage conflict
- public officials
- responsibilities of authority

Second Grade
- purpose of governments
- government services
- police and fire protection
- libraries
- schools
- parks
- value to the community
- role of public officials
- name public officials
- mayor, governor, president
- selection of officials
- elections
- appointments
- citizen participation
- staying informed
- providing input
- volunteering
- participation in government functions

Third Grade
- structure and function of levels of government
- basic structure of various levels
- local community
- state
- nation
- official on each level
- how chosen?
- services provided by each level
- ideas in historical documents
- Declaration of Independence
- U.S. Constitution
- Bill of Rights
- consent of the governed

Fourth Grade
- evolving governments in early Texas
- Caddo government
- Comanche government
- Spanish colonial government
- early Mexican government
- historical document of Texas
- Texas Declaration of Independence
- Texas Constitution
- functions of the three branches
- Celebrate Freedom Week

Fifth Grade
- organizations of colonial governments
- representative governments
- monarchy
- Mayflower compact
- Virginia House of Burgesses
- Ideas in basic American documents
- basic functions of three branches
- reason for checks and balances
- describe checks and balances
- national government
- state government
- federal system

On This Day in History: August 25

2011 – Fifty-two people are killed during an arson attack caused by members of the drug cartel Los Zetas.

2003 – NASA successfully launches the Spitzer Space Telescope into space

1991 – Belarus gains its independence from the Soviet Union

1967 – George Lincoln Rockwell, founder of the American Nazi Party, is assassinated by a former member of his group

1961 – President Jânio Quadros of Brazil resigns after just seven months in power, initiating a political crisis that culminates in a military coup in 1964

1950 – To avert a threatened strike during the Korean War, President Truman orders Secretary of the Army Frank Pace to seize control of the nation's railroads

1948 – The House Un-American Activities Committee holds first-ever televised congressional hearing: "Confrontation Day" between Whittaker Chambers and Alger Hiss

1933 – Nazi Germany and the Zionist Federation of Germany signed the Haavara Agreement. The agreement was a major factor in breaking the anti-Nazi boycott of 1933 and facilitated Jewish emigration from Germany and into Palestine

1914 – World War I: The library of the Catholic University of Leuven is deliberately destroyed by the German Army. Hundreds of thousands of irreplaceable volumes and Gothic and Renaissance manuscripts are lost

1835 – The first Great Moon Hoax article is published in The New York Sun, announcing the discovery of life and civilization on the Moon

1823 – American fur trapper Hugh Glass is mauled by a grizzly bear while on an expedition in South Dakota

Dear Chat GPT: What is a de facto government?

I've been catching up with drug cartels and how they acquire and maintain power, actual power. Like they can kill you and everyone you know and get away with it. 

Doesn't that make them a government? Not in law, but in reality.

Turns out there is such a thing as a de facto government - like the cartels - and a de jure government. Teh government of Mexico is one example, or Katy.

Here's what ChatGPT tells me about them: 


A de facto government is a government that has taken power and is exercising control over a territory, but without legal or constitutional legitimacy.

Key points:

- "De facto" means "in fact" or "in practice." A de facto government exists in reality because it has actual power and control.
- It differs from a de jure government ("by law"), which is the government legally recognized by a country’s constitution or international law.

De facto governments often arise through coups, revolutions, or military takeovers, when an existing government is displaced but the new rulers are not lawfully established.

They may or may not be recognized by other states or international organizations.

Example: If the military overthrows a country’s elected government and rules without a legal mandate, that military regime would be considered a de facto government.

On this Day in History: 8/24/25

1967 – Led by Abbie Hoffman, the Youth International Party temporarily disrupts trading at the New York Stock Exchange by throwing dollar bills from the viewing gallery, causing trading to cease as brokers scramble to grab them.

1954 – The Communist Control Act goes into effect, outlawing the Communist Party in the United States

1909 – Workers start pouring concrete for the Panama Canal

1857 – The Panic of 1857 begins, setting off one of the most severe economic crises in United States history

1816 – The Treaty of St. Louis is signed in St. Louis, Missouri

1682 – William Penn receives the area that is now the state of Delaware, and adds it to his colony of Pennsylvania

1662 – The 1662 Book of Common Prayer is legally enforced as the liturgy of the Church of England, precipitating the Great Ejection of Dissenter ministers from their benefices

1215 – Pope Innocent III issues a bull declaring Magna Carta invalid.

Meet my ex neighbor / new Dean of the College of Nursing and Health Sciences at Texas A&M International University

An all around cool person . . .

Her story might be instructive.  

Dr. Elda G. Ramirez

- Click here for the annoucement.

“In 1978, I became a junior volunteer at Mercy Hospital in the Emergency Department. In those days, they let me do so many things! I would help with suturing and take patients all over the hospital. There was a lady one time who came in with a splint on her leg because she had dislocated her patella (kneecap). All I remember is by the time I left her room, I had her smiling through the pain. I knew I liked the energy and flow of the unexpected in the Emergency Department. The Emergency Department felt like home. I still maintain a practice as an Emergency Nurse Practitioner,” Ramírez said.

She had soon set in motion a career in Nursing that spans nursing, education, research... and now being named TAMIU’s new Dean of the College of Nursing and Health Sciences after a national search.

“I moved to Houston a week after graduating from St. Augustine High School and started my pre-nursing at the University of Houston. Once I received my BSN (1988), I worked in the intensive care units and was back in the emergency department within three years. After having some minor leadership roles, I noted that nurse practitioner programs were growing across the country.

“I was independent as a nurse, so being a nurse practitioner would be my next endeavor. Once I finished my NP program, I wanted to go back to the emergency department, but no one would take me. The NP role was very new, though it had been around since 1965. In 1993 when I completed my MSN as an FNP it was still not well understood, especially in emergency departments.

“I landed my first job as an NP in the Emergency Department at University Hospital in San Antonio and loved every minute of it. When I started this dream job, I realized I was very deficient in my knowledge since I was a family nurse practitioner. My training did not prepare me as a nurse practitioner in the emergency department.

“In 1994, the Dean at UT Health Science Center School of Nursing in Houston, Dr. Patricia Starck, remembered me because I used to take care of her mom in the Emergency Department and asked if I was willing to start the first emergency nurse practitioner program in the nation. There was an opportunity with the Department of Emergency Medicine to staff and develop this. I never ever dreamed that I would be an academic... it was the furthest from my personal goals or journey. I wanted to work in the emergency department so badly and wanted to go back to Houston, so I took the leap. The PhD was a must, and I completed it in 2006,” she explained.

The American College of Vetenary Ophthalmologists

My cat has an ouchy on and in its eye.

I took him to this guy to try to make it better.

Notice his shirt. These are the people who let him do it. You may well have to do something similar for your choosen profession.

Who are they? 

- The American College of Vetenary Ophthalmologists.

- Veterinary specialties.

- Texas Occupations Code: TITLE 4. PROFESSIONS RELATED TO ANIMALS CHAPTER 801. VETERINARIANS.

- So, you want to be a veterinary ophthalmologist?!

Why do you have to take this class? Welcome to Texas Education Code: Sec. 51.301.

An example of statutory law

For more: Texas Law.

GOVERNMENT OR POLITICAL SCIENCE.

(a) Every college and university receiving state support or state aid from public funds shall give a course of instruction in government or political science which includes consideration of the Constitution of the United States and the constitutions of the states, with special emphasis on that of Texas. This course shall have a credit value of not less than six semester hours or its equivalent.

Except as provided by Subsection (c), a college or university receiving state support or state aid from public funds may not grant a baccalaureate degree or a lesser degree or academic certificate to any person unless the person has credit for such a course.

The college or university may determine that a student has satisfied this requirement in whole or in part on the basis of credit granted to the student by the college or university for a substantially equivalent course completed at another accredited college or university or on the basis of the student's successful completion of an advanced standing examination administered on the conditions and under the circumstances common for the college or university's advanced standing examinations.

The college or university may grant as much as three semester hours of credit or its equivalent toward satisfaction of this requirement for substantially equivalent work completed by the student in the program of an approved senior R.O.T.C. unit.

(b) The requirement of Subsection (a) that the required course must include special emphasis on the Texas Constitution does not apply to a degree granted on completion of an academic program offered by a medical and dental unit, as that term is defined by Section 61.003, to a student who is a member of the armed forces of the United States, including the reserves or national guard, if:

(1) the program is operated by the medical and dental unit under contract with the United States Army;

(2) the program requires less than two years of residency in this state; and

(3) the principal participants in the program are military personnel stationed outside this state.

(c) The governing board of a general academic teaching institution that offers a joint baccalaureate degree program under a contract with a foreign college or university may exempt a student enrolled in the joint degree program from the course requirement prescribed by Subsection (a) if the student:

(1) enrolled in the foreign college or university before enrolling in the joint degree program or is otherwise considered to be primarily a student of the foreign college or university; and

(2) successfully completes the American Way course described by Subsection (d) at the institution the student attends or, with the approval of that institution, at another general academic teaching institution that offers the course.

(d) The American Way course authorized by Subsection (c)(2) must be designed to provide a foreign student with a familiarity and understanding of United States government and civic life and their sources, development, and character. The course must concentrate on important texts, including the United States Constitution and the Declaration of Independence, on the works and contributions of influential authors, political and cultural leaders, and other important figures, and on important events and developments in United States history. The course must cover important developments in human and civil rights, including the civil rights movement and the history of women's rights. The course must cover the history and development of the State of Texas and its place in United States history and culture. The course must consist of four semester credit hours, with one semester credit hour in practicum activities intended to provide the student with experience in the three branches of government through participation at the federal, state, or local level. The course may not be taken for course credit by a student other than a student described by Subsection (c).

(e) In this section, "general academic teaching institution" has the meaning assigned by Section 61.003.

Amended by Acts 1995, 74th Leg., ch. 5, Sec. 1, eff. March 23, 1995; Acts 1995, 74th Leg., ch. 17, Sec. 1, eff. Aug. 28, 1995.

Amended by:

Acts 2007, 80th Leg., R.S., Ch. 539 (S.B. 1051), Sec. 1, eff. June 16, 2007.