The requirements for legally exhibiting wild animals depend on the jurisdiction (federal, state, and sometimes local laws), the type of animal, and the context of the exhibition (zoo, circus, educational display, private facility, etc.). In general, several key areas of law and regulation apply in the United States:
1. Federal Requirements
- USDA License (Animal Welfare Act)
- - Anyone who publicly exhibits warm-blooded wild animals (zoos, circuses, roadside menageries, wildlife parks, etc.) must obtain a USDA Class C Exhibitor License under the Animal Welfare Act.
- - This requires meeting standards for housing, feeding, sanitation, veterinary care, and animal handling.
- - Regular inspections are conducted to ensure compliance.
- Endangered Species Act (ESA)
- - Special federal permits are required to exhibit, transport, or breed endangered or threatened species.
- - Applicants must demonstrate that the exhibition serves educational, scientific, or conservation purposes.
- Migratory Bird Treaty Act (MBTA)
- - Exhibiting migratory birds requires permits from the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service.
- Marine Mammal Protection Act (MMPA)
- - Special authorization is required to keep and exhibit marine mammals (dolphins, seals, whales, etc.).
2. State Requirements
- Each state regulates the possession and exhibition of wild animals differently. Many require:
- - State Exhibitor Permit or License (often issued by the state wildlife agency).
- - Proof of adequate enclosures, veterinary care, and liability insurance.
- - Compliance with public safety laws (barriers, signage, emergency protocols).
- - Restrictions on certain species considered dangerous (big cats, bears, primates, venomous reptiles).
- - Some states outright ban private exhibition of specific species.
3. Local (County/City) Requirements
- Zoning laws may restrict or prohibit exhibiting wild animals in certain areas.
- Public safety ordinances may impose extra requirements, such as escape plans, inspections by local animal control, or event-specific permits.
4. General Standards That Must Be Met
- To legally exhibit wild animals, an exhibitor generally must:
- - Obtain the proper federal, state, and local licenses/permits.
- - Provide safe, secure, and humane housing.
- - Demonstrate access to veterinary care.
- - Ensure public safety protections (barriers, trained handlers, emergency procedures).
- - Use animals in a way that serves an educational, conservation, or entertainment purpose (depending on permit conditions).
- - Keep detailed records of acquisition, transport, and health care.
