From Wikipedia: Federal Statistical System of the United States

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The Federal Statistical System of the United States is the decentralized network of federal agencies which produce data and official statistics about the people, economy, natural resources, and infrastructure of the United States.

. . . As of fiscal year 2013 (FY13), the 13 principal statistical agencies have statistical activities as their core mission and conduct much of the government’s statistical work.[1] A further 89 federal agencies were appropriated at least $500,000 of statistical work in FY11, FY12, or FY13 in conjunction with their primary missions.[2] All together, the total budget allocated to the Federal Statistical System is estimated to be $6.7 billion for FY13.[2]

The Federal Statistical System is coordinated through the Office of Management and Budget (OMB). OMB establishes and enforces statistical policies and standards, ensures that resources are proposed for priority statistical programs, and approves statistical surveys conducted by the Federal government under the Paperwork Reduction Act.[3] The Chief Statistician of the United States, also housed within OMB, provides oversight, coordination, and guidance for Federal statistical activities, working in collaboration with leaders of statistical agencies.

Principal Agencies

Census Bureau
Bureau of Labor Statistics
National Center for Education Statistics
National Agricultural Statistics Service
National Center for Health Statistics
Energy Information Administration 
Bureau of Economic Analysis 
Economic Research Service 
Bureau of Justice Statistics
National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics
Statistics of Income Division - Internal Revenue Service
Bureau of Transportation Statistics 
Office of Research, Evaluation, and Statistics - Social Security Administration