Book challenges and bans are rising at unprecedented rates, with ideologically motivated organizations and legislators in Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Texas, Indiana, and other states leading campaigns to remove books from schools and public libraries. In 2021, the American Library Association (ALA) recorded 729 challenges to remove nearly 1,600 books from school and public libraries—the highest number of attempted book bans in the 20 years that the ALA has tracked this data. Meanwhile, some school administrators are preemptively removing library books out of fear.
Books being challenged or banned include those that discuss racial equity, have minorities as protagonists, address LGBTQ+ issues, or have Black or LGBTQ+ authors. Many of these texts help children and young adults to recognize differences and respect the humanity of others rather than to stigmatize and shun people who are different than themselves. However, some right-wing groups and media outlets have pushed false narratives to justify educational censorship aimed at controlling and chilling free speech. These groups assert they are only challenging books that are “divisive” or “indoctrinate” students, but in reality are trying to ban books like Ruby Bridges Goes to School, Beloved, Families, Families, Families!, and Maus.
Studies have shown that not only do students benefit from learning experiences that utilize and highlight diversity, but that removing books about LGBTQ+ experiences from schools further stigmatizes and isolates LGBTQ+ students who are already more likely to suffer depression and consider suicide. These bans are unpopular among most Americans, and three out of every four public-school parents believe that books should be available in school libraries on an age-appropriate basis.
The current efforts to ban books are part of a broader attack on free speech in the classroom that amounts to educational censorship. Combatting these efforts is paramount to protecting the First Amendment rights of students and teachers, and preserving free speech in America.
Friday, April 8, 2022
From Wikipedia: Star Chamber
- Click here for the entry.
The Star Chamber (Latin: Camera stellata) was an English court that sat at the royal Palace of Westminster, from the late 15th century to the mid-17th century (c. 1641), and was composed of Privy Counsellors and common-law judges, to supplement the judicial activities of the common-law and equity courts in civil and criminal matters. The Star Chamber was originally established to ensure the fair enforcement of laws against socially and politically prominent people sufficiently powerful that ordinary courts might hesitate to convict them of their crimes. However, it became synonymous with social and political oppression through the arbitrary use and abuse of the power it wielded.
From ScotFive-justice majority restores Trump-era policy on water pollution, provoking more criticism of emergency docketublog:
- Click here for the article.
A divided Supreme Court on Wednesday reinstated a Trump-era environmental policy that makes it harder for states to block projects that may cause water pollution. The unsigned and unexplained decision prompted Chief Justice John Roberts to join the court’s three liberal justices in criticizing the majority’s use of the emergency docket.
Roberts joined Kagan’s dissent, as did Justices Stephen Breyer and Sonia Sotomayor .
The case, Louisiana v. American Rivers, involved the role of states in enforcing the Clean Water Act. Under longstanding federal regulations, states can issue or deny permits for projects — such as the construction of new pipelines — that could pollute rivers or streams. But industry groups complained that some states were abusing their permitting authority to stymie projects for reasons that had nothing to do with water quality.
In response to those concerns, the Environmental Protection Administration under the Trump administration issued a regulation in 2020 that curtailed the role of the states in the permitting process. Environmental groups challenged that regulation. While the challenge was pending, President Joe Biden took office, and his administration announced its intent to replace the Trump-era regulation with its own policy.
- From Wikiedia: Clean Water Act.
Vetoed by Nixon. Veto overridden.
The Clean Water Act (CWA) is the primary federal law in the United States governing water pollution. Its objective is to restore and maintain the chemical, physical, and biological integrity of the nation's waters; recognizing the responsibilities of the states in addressing pollution and providing assistance to states to do so, including funding for publicly owned treatment works for the improvement of wastewater treatment; and maintaining the integrity of wetlands.[2]
The Clean Water Act was one of the United States' first and most influential modern environmental laws. Its laws and regulations are primarily administered by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in coordination with state governments, though some of its provisions, such as those involving filling or dredging, are administered by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Its implementing regulations are codified at 40 C.F.R. Subchapters D, N, and O (Parts 100-140, 401-471, and 501-503).
From Wikipedia: Shadow docket
Also called the emergency docket.
- Click here for the entry.
The shadow docket is the use of emergency orders and summary decisions by the Supreme Court of the United States without oral argument. The term was coined in 2015 by University of Chicago Law professor William Baude.
It is used when the Court believes an applicant will suffer "irreparable harm" if its request is not immediately granted. Historically, the shadow docket was rarely used for rulings of serious legal or political significance. However, since 2017, it has been increasingly utilized for consequential rulings, especially for requests by the Department of Justice for emergency stays of lower-court rulings. The practice has been criticized for various reasons, including for bias, lack of transparency, and lack of accountability.
Thursday, April 7, 2022
Wednesday, April 6, 2022
Stupid Questions GOVT 2306 SCH1
The most confusing subject matter we've covered so far is the different types of elections. For example, not every state has the same election. I think it is so hard and nerve-racking to keep up with everything that is going on. Also, a stupid question I have is, what is your favorite holiday? Mine is Christmas because I get to see all of my family!
I would like to know how differently the local government works compared to the state government? Also, how are the responsibilities of each level of government divided in America? Since I come from India, a country that is also run by a democratic government, I would like to know what are the differences in the specific functions of the local government?
How does the Bill of Rights protect individual liberties?
If you were to go to an island alone and only be allowed to take 3 items, what would youtake with you?
I think what is most confusing about what we have covered so far is the difference between fiscal and monetary policy and its impact on the Texas government.
The most confusing concept to grasp has been the distinctions between what is delgated to local government and what is covered under the federal goverment, especially in regards to taxation.
I had no idea we had HOMEWORK OVER THE DARN BREAK, GOSH DARN IT. The dumbest question I might have is how old are you, Professor Jefferies? Do you care what students are doing in your class, like whether they pay attention or not? Do you care at all if they skip your class? Or you only care about grades?
Stupid Question: Why do you think the Critical Race Theory was banned inside of school and educational systems?
What is confusing me about what we have gone over so far is: What is a Neo-Eurasianism and what does it have to do with Russia's Academy of General Staff? On the discussion board about who represents me, I am still confused about specific comittees and how they have any kind of influence on me
I'm still confused about the local government in Texas; especially concerning the different levels of government like counties, cities, and other forms. I don't really understand the entire process on how the officers are chosen, and what factors decide we need local governing bodies and how much power they have. I'm also unclear on the relevance of local governments for Texas compared to the Federal government.
Maybe this isn't really considered a government question - but I'm confused as to why there are so many government officials determined to put restrictions on LGBTQ+ people and Abortions. Not only that but there is another foreign country on the verge of war (Ukraine vs. Russia). I feel like there are bigger issues at hand.
Personally, the most confusing part about the subject matter we've covered are just the differences between all the specific roles in our government/legislature. There are so many roles so I tend to be unsure of who does what. What is the difference between State Representative and U.S. representative? What are the roles of all each of the chairs of committees? And also, why is gerrymandering legal?
Is the sky really blue?
I would like to know how differently the local government works compared to the state government? Also, how are the responsibilities of each level of government divided in America? Since I come from India, a country that is also run by a democratic government, I would like to know what are the differences in the specific functions of the local government?
How does the Bill of Rights protect individual liberties?
If you were to go to an island alone and only be allowed to take 3 items, what would youtake with you?
I think what is most confusing about what we have covered so far is the difference between fiscal and monetary policy and its impact on the Texas government.
The most confusing concept to grasp has been the distinctions between what is delgated to local government and what is covered under the federal goverment, especially in regards to taxation.
I had no idea we had HOMEWORK OVER THE DARN BREAK, GOSH DARN IT. The dumbest question I might have is how old are you, Professor Jefferies? Do you care what students are doing in your class, like whether they pay attention or not? Do you care at all if they skip your class? Or you only care about grades?
Stupid Question: Why do you think the Critical Race Theory was banned inside of school and educational systems?
What is confusing me about what we have gone over so far is: What is a Neo-Eurasianism and what does it have to do with Russia's Academy of General Staff? On the discussion board about who represents me, I am still confused about specific comittees and how they have any kind of influence on me
I'm still confused about the local government in Texas; especially concerning the different levels of government like counties, cities, and other forms. I don't really understand the entire process on how the officers are chosen, and what factors decide we need local governing bodies and how much power they have. I'm also unclear on the relevance of local governments for Texas compared to the Federal government.
Maybe this isn't really considered a government question - but I'm confused as to why there are so many government officials determined to put restrictions on LGBTQ+ people and Abortions. Not only that but there is another foreign country on the verge of war (Ukraine vs. Russia). I feel like there are bigger issues at hand.
Personally, the most confusing part about the subject matter we've covered are just the differences between all the specific roles in our government/legislature. There are so many roles so I tend to be unsure of who does what. What is the difference between State Representative and U.S. representative? What are the roles of all each of the chairs of committees? And also, why is gerrymandering legal?
Is the sky really blue?
From Wikipedia: Emmett Till Antilynching Act
- Click here for the entry on Emmitt Till.
The Emmett Till Antilynching Act is a United States federal law which makes lynching a federal hate crime.[1]
- Click here for the entry on hate crimes.
A hate crime (also known as a bias-motivated crime or bias crime)[1] is a prejudice-motivated crime which occurs when a perpetrator targets a victim because of their membership (or perceived membership) of a certain social group or racial demographic.
Examples of such groups can include, and are almost exclusively limited to ethnicity, disability, language, nationality, physical appearance, religion, gender identity or sexual orientation.[2][3][4] Non-criminal actions that are motivated by these reasons are often called "bias incidents".
"Hate crime" generally refers to criminal acts which are seen to have been motivated by bias against one or more of the social groups listed above, or by bias against their derivatives. Incidents may involve physical assault, homicide, damage to property, bullying, harassment, verbal abuse (which includes slurs) or insults, mate crime or offensive graffiti or letters (hate mail).[5]
A hate crime law is a law intended to deter bias-motivated violence.[6] Hate crime laws are distinct from laws against hate speech: hate crime laws enhance the penalties associated with conduct which is already criminal under other laws, while hate speech laws criminalize a category of speech.
From Wikipedia: List of acts of the 117th United States Congress
For future reference:
- Click here for the entry.
The Civil Rights Act of 1964
• Title I – VOTING RIGHTS
• Title II – INJUNCTIVE RELIEF AGAINST DISCRIMINATION IN PLACES OF PUBLIC ACCOMMODATION
• Title III – DESEGREGATION OF PUBLIC FACILITIES
• Title IV – DESEGREGATION OF PUBLIC EDUCATION
• Title V – COMMISSION ON CIVIL RIGHTS
• Title VI – NONDISCRIMINATION IN FEDERALLY ASSISTED PROGRAMS
• Title VII – EQUAL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY
• Title VIII – REGISTRATION AND VOTING STATISTICS
• Title IX – INTERVENTION AND PROCEDURE AFTER REMOVAL IN CIVIL RIGHTS CASES
• Title X – ESTABLISHMENT OF COMMUNITY RELATIONS SERVICE
• Title XI – MISCELLANEOUS
• Title II – INJUNCTIVE RELIEF AGAINST DISCRIMINATION IN PLACES OF PUBLIC ACCOMMODATION
• Title III – DESEGREGATION OF PUBLIC FACILITIES
• Title IV – DESEGREGATION OF PUBLIC EDUCATION
• Title V – COMMISSION ON CIVIL RIGHTS
• Title VI – NONDISCRIMINATION IN FEDERALLY ASSISTED PROGRAMS
• Title VII – EQUAL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY
• Title VIII – REGISTRATION AND VOTING STATISTICS
• Title IX – INTERVENTION AND PROCEDURE AFTER REMOVAL IN CIVIL RIGHTS CASES
• Title X – ESTABLISHMENT OF COMMUNITY RELATIONS SERVICE
• Title XI – MISCELLANEOUS
42 U.S.C. ch. 21—Civil Rights
SUBCHAPTER I—GENERALLY (§§ 1981 – 1996b)
SUBCHAPTER I–A—INSTITUTIONALIZED PERSONS nnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn (§§ 1997 – 1997j)
SUBCHAPTER II—PUBLIC ACCOMMODATIONS (§§ 2000a – 2000a–6)
SUBCHAPTER III—PUBLIC FACILITIES (§§ 2000b – 2000b–3)
SUBCHAPTER IV—PUBLIC EDUCATION (§§ 2000c – 2000c–9)
SUBCHAPTER V—FEDERALLY ASSISTED PROGRAMS (§§ 2000d – 2000d–7)
SUBCHAPTER VI—EQUAL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES (§§ 2000e – 2000e–17)
SUBCHAPTER VII—REGISTRATION AND VOTING STATISTICS (§ 2000f)
SUBCHAPTER VIII—COMMUNITY RELATIONS SERVICE (§§ 2000g – 2000g–3)
SUBCHAPTER IX—MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS (§§ 2000h – 2000h–6)
SUBCHAPTER I–A—INSTITUTIONALIZED PERSONS nnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn (§§ 1997 – 1997j)
SUBCHAPTER II—PUBLIC ACCOMMODATIONS (§§ 2000a – 2000a–6)
SUBCHAPTER III—PUBLIC FACILITIES (§§ 2000b – 2000b–3)
SUBCHAPTER IV—PUBLIC EDUCATION (§§ 2000c – 2000c–9)
SUBCHAPTER V—FEDERALLY ASSISTED PROGRAMS (§§ 2000d – 2000d–7)
SUBCHAPTER VI—EQUAL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES (§§ 2000e – 2000e–17)
SUBCHAPTER VII—REGISTRATION AND VOTING STATISTICS (§ 2000f)
SUBCHAPTER VIII—COMMUNITY RELATIONS SERVICE (§§ 2000g – 2000g–3)
SUBCHAPTER IX—MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS (§§ 2000h – 2000h–6)
Title 42 of the United States Code
Title 42 of the United States Code is the United States Code dealing with public health, social welfare, and civil rights.
42 U.S.C. ch. 1—The Public Health Service
42 U.S.C. ch. 1A—The Public Health Service, Supplemental Provisions
42 U.S.C. ch. 2—Sanitation and Quarantine
42 U.S.C. ch. 3—Leprosy
42 U.S.C. ch. 3A—Cancer
42 U.S.C. ch. 4—Viruses, Serums, Toxins, Antitoxins, Etc.
42 U.S.C. ch. 5—Maternity and Infancy Welfare and Hygiene
42 U.S.C. ch. 6—The Children's Bureau
42 U.S.C. ch. 6A—Public Health Service (Public Health Service Act)
42 U.S.C. ch. 7—Social Security
42 U.S.C. ch. 7A—Temporary Unemployment Compensation Program
42 U.S.C. ch. 8—Low-Income Housing
42 U.S.C. ch. 8A—Slum Clearance, Urban Renewal, and Farm Housing
42 U.S.C. ch. 8B—Public Works or Facilities
42 U.S.C. ch. 8C—Open-Space Land Act|Open-Space Land
42 U.S.C. ch. 9—Housing of Persons Engaged in National Defense
42 U.S.C. ch. 10—Federal Security Agency
42 U.S.C. ch. 11—Compensation for Disability or Death to Persons Employed at Military, Air, and Naval Bases Outside United States
42 U.S.C. ch. 12—Compensation for Injury, Death, or Detention of Employees of Contractors with United States Outside United States
42 U.S.C. ch. 13—School Lunch Programs
42 U.S.C. ch. 13A—Child Nutrition
42 U.S.C. ch. 14—Development and Control of Atomic Energy
42 U.S.C. ch. 15—Disaster Relief
42 U.S.C. ch. 15A—Reciprocal Fire Protection Act of 1955|Reciprocal Fire Protection Agreements
42 U.S.C. ch. 15B—Air Pollution Control
42 U.S.C. ch. 16—National Science Foundation
42 U.S.C. ch. 16A—Grants for Support of Scientific Research
42 U.S.C. ch. 16B—Contracts for Scientific and Technological Research
42 U.S.C. ch. 17—Federal Employment Service
42 U.S.C. ch. 18—Youth Medals
42 U.S.C. ch. 19—Saline and Salt Waters
42 U.S.C. ch. 19A—Water Resources Research Program
42 U.S.C. ch. 19B—Water Resources Planning Act|Water Resources Planning
42 U.S.C. ch. 20—Elective Franchise
42 U.S.C. ch. 20A—Civil Rights Commission
42 U.S.C. ch. 21—Civil Rights
42 U.S.C. ch. 21A—Privacy Protection Act|Privacy Protection
42 U.S.C. ch. 21B—Religious Freedom Restoration
42 U.S.C. ch. 21C—Protection of Religious Exercise in Land Use and by Institutionalized Persons
42 U.S.C. ch. 22—Indian Hospitals and Health Facilities
42 U.S.C. ch. 23—Development and Control of Atomic Energy
42 U.S.C. ch. 24—Disposal of Atomic Energy Communities
42 U.S.C. ch. 25—Federal Flood Insurance
42 U.S.C. ch. 26—National Space Program
42 U.S.C. ch. 26A—National Space Grant College and Fellowship Program
42 U.S.C. ch. 26B—Biomedical Research in Space Act of 1991|Biomedical Research in Space
42 U.S.C. ch. 27—Loan Service of Captioned Films and Educational Media for Handicapped
42 U.S.C. ch. 28—Area Redevelopment Act|Area Redevelopment Program
42 U.S.C. ch. 29—Juvenile Delinquency and Youth Offenses Control Act of 1961|Juvenile Delinquency and Youth Offenses Control
42 U.S.C. ch. 30—Manpower Development and Training Program
42 U.S.C. ch. 31—Public Works Acceleration Program
42 U.S.C. ch. 32—Third Party Liability for Hospital and Medical Care
42 U.S.C. ch. 33—Community Mental Health Act|Community Mental Health Centers
42 U.S.C. ch. 34—Economic Opportunity Program
42 U.S.C. ch. 35—Programs for Older Americans
42 U.S.C. ch. 35A—Community Service Employment for Older Americans
42 U.S.C. ch. 36—Compensation of Condemnees in Development Programs
42 U.S.C. ch. 37—Community Facilities and Advance Land Acquisition
42 U.S.C. ch. 38—Public Works and Economic Development
42 U.S.C. ch. 39—Solid Waste Disposal
42 U.S.C. ch. 40—Soil Information Assistance for Community Planning and Resource Development
42 U.S.C. ch. 41—Demonstration Cities and Metropolitan Development Program
42 U.S.C. ch. 42—Narcotic Addict Rehabilitation Act|Narcotic Addict Rehabilitation
42 U.S.C. ch. 43—Department of Health and Human Services
42 U.S.C. ch. 44—Department of Housing and Urban Development
42 U.S.C. ch. 45—Fair Housing
42 U.S.C. ch. 46—Justice System Improvement Act of 1979|Justice System Improvement
42 U.S.C. ch. 47—Juvenile Delinquency Prevention and Control
42 U.S.C. ch. 48—Guarantees for Financing New Community Land Development
42 U.S.C. ch. 49—National Housing Partnerships
42 U.S.C. ch. 50—National Flood Insurance
42 U.S.C. ch. 51—Design and Construction of Public Buildings to Accommodate Physically Handicapped
42 U.S.C. ch. 52—Intergovernmental Cooperation
42 U.S.C. ch. 52A—Joint Funding Simplification
42 U.S.C. ch. 53—Advisory Commission on Intergovernmental Relations
42 U.S.C. ch. 54—Cabinet Committee on Opportunities for Spanish-Speaking People
42 U.S.C. ch. 55—National Environmental Policy
42 U.S.C. ch. 56—Environmental Quality Improvement
42 U.S.C. ch. 57—Environmental Pollution Study
42 U.S.C. ch. 58—Disaster Relief
42 U.S.C. ch. 59—National Urban Policy and New Community Development
42 U.S.C. ch. 60—Comprehensive Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Prevention, Treatment, and Rehabilitation Program
42 U.S.C. ch. 61—Uniform Relocation Assistance and Real Property Acquisition Policies Act|Uniform Relocation Assistance and Real Property Acquisition Policies for Federal and Federally Assisted Programs
42 U.S.C. ch. 62—Intergovernmental Personnel Program
42 U.S.C. ch. 63—Lead-Based Paint Poisoning Prevention Act|Lead-Based Paint Poisoning Prevention
42 U.S.C. ch. 63A—Residential Lead-Based Paint Hazard Reduction
42 U.S.C. ch. 64—Public Service Employment Programs
42 U.S.C. ch. 65—Noise Control
42 U.S.C. ch. 66—Domestic Volunteer Services
42 U.S.C. ch. 67—Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment and Adoption Reform Act of 1978|Adoption Reform
42 U.S.C. ch. 68—Disaster Relief
42 U.S.C. ch. 69—Community Development
42 U.S.C. ch. 70—Manufactured Home Construction and Safety Standards
42 U.S.C. ch. 71—Solar Energy Act|Solar Energy
42 U.S.C. ch. 72—Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention
42 U.S.C. ch. 73—Development of Energy Sources
42 U.S.C. ch. 74—Federal Nonnuclear Energy Research and Development Act of 1974|Nonnuclear Energy Research and Development
42 U.S.C. ch. 75—Programs for Individuals with Developmental Disabilities
42 U.S.C. ch. 76—Age Discrimination in Federally Assisted Programs
42 U.S.C. ch. 77—Energy Conservation Act|Energy Conservation
42 U.S.C. ch. 78—National Petroleum Reserve in Alaska
42 U.S.C. ch. 79—National Science and Technology Policy, Organization, and Priorities Act of 1976|Science and Technology Policy, Organization and Priorities
42 U.S.C. ch. 80—Public Works Employment Act of 1977|Public Works Employment
42 U.S.C. ch. 81—Energy Conservation and Resource Renewal
42 U.S.C. ch. 82—Solid Waste Disposal
42 U.S.C. ch. 83—National Energy Extension Service Act of 1977|Energy Extension Service
42 U.S.C. ch. 84—Department of Energy
42 U.S.C. ch. 85—Air Pollution Prevention and Control
42 U.S.C. ch. 86—Earthquake Hazards Reduction
42 U.S.C. ch. 87—Water Research and Development Act of 1978|Water Research and Development
42 U.S.C. ch. 88—Uranium Mill Tailings Radiation Control Act
42 U.S.C. ch. 89—Congregate Housing Services Act of 1978|Congregate Housing Services
42 U.S.C. ch. 90—Neighborhood and City Reinvestment, Self-Help and Revitalization
42 U.S.C. ch. 91—National Energy Conservation Policy
42 U.S.C. ch. 92—Powerplant and Industrial Fuel Use Act|Powerplant and Industrial Fuel Use
42 U.S.C. ch. 93—Emergency Energy Conservation
42 U.S.C. ch. 94—Low-Income Energy Assistance
42 U.S.C. ch. 95—United States Synthetic Fuels Corporation
42 U.S.C. ch. 96—Biomass Energy and Alcohol Fuels
42 U.S.C. ch. 97—Acid Precipitation Program and Carbon Dioxide Study
42 U.S.C. ch. 98—Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion Research, Development, and Demonstration Act|Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion Research and Development
42 U.S.C. ch. 99—Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion Act of 1980|Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion
42 U.S.C. ch. 100—Wind Energy Systems Act of 1980|Wind Energy Systems
42 U.S.C. ch. 101: Magnetic Fusion Energy Engineering Act of 1980|Magnetic Fusion Energy Engineering
42 U.S.C. ch. 102: Mental Health Systems
42 U.S.C. ch. 103: Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability
42 U.S.C. ch. 104: Nuclear Safety Research, Development, and Demonstration
42 U.S.C. ch. 105: Community Services Programs
42 U.S.C. ch. 106: Community Services Block Grant Program
42 U.S.C. ch. 107: Consumer-Patient Radiation Health and Safety Act of 1981|Consumer-Patient Radiation Health and Safety
42 U.S.C. ch. 108: Nuclear Waste Policy
42 U.S.C. ch. 109: Water Resources Research
42 U.S.C. ch. 109A: Membrane Processes Research Act of 1992|Membrane Processes Research
42 U.S.C. ch. 110: Family Violence Prevention and Services
42 U.S.C. ch. 111: Emergency Federal Law Enforcement Assistance Act|Emergency Federal Law Enforcement Assistance
42 U.S.C. ch. 112: Victim Compensation and Assistance
42 U.S.C. ch. 113: State Justice Institute
42 U.S.C. ch. 114: Protection and Advocacy for Mentally Ill Individuals Act of 1986|Protection And Advocacy For Mentally Ill Individuals
42 U.S.C. ch. 115: Child Development Associate Scholarship Assistance Program
42 U.S.C. ch. 116: Emergency Planning and Community Right-To-Know
42 U.S.C. ch. 117: Encouraging Good Faith Professional Review Activities
42 U.S.C. ch. 118: Alzheimer's Disease and Related Dementias Research
42 U.S.C. ch. 119: Homeless Assistance
42 U.S.C. ch. 120: Enterprise Zone Development
42 U.S.C. ch. 121: International Child Abduction Remedies
42 U.S.C. ch. 122: Native Hawaiian Health Care Act of 1988|Native Hawaiian Health Care
42 U.S.C. ch. 123: Drug Abuse Education and Prevention Act of 1986|Drug Abuse Education and Prevention
42 U.S.C. ch. 124: Public Housing Drug Elimination Program|Public Housing Drug Elimination
42 U.S.C. ch. 125: Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Technology Competitiveness Act of 1989|Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Technology Competitiveness
42 U.S.C. ch. 126: Equal Opportunity For Individuals With Disabilities
42 U.S.C. ch. 127: Coordinated Services For Children, Youth, and Families
42 U.S.C. ch. 128: Hydrogen Research, Development, and Demonstration Program Act of 1990
42 U.S.C. ch. 129: National and Community Service Act of 1990|National and Community Service
42 U.S.C. ch. 130: National Affordable Housing Act|National Affordable Housing
42 U.S.C. ch. 131: Housing Opportunities for Persons with AIDS Program|Housing Opportunities for Persons with AIDS
42 U.S.C. ch. 132: Victims of Child Abuse
42 U.S.C. ch. 133: Pollution Prevention Act|Pollution Prevention
42 U.S.C. ch. 134: Energy Policy
42 U.S.C. ch. 135: Residency and Service Requirements in Federally Assisted Housing
42 U.S.C. ch. 136: Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement
42 U.S.C. ch. 137: Management of Rechargeable Batteries and Batteries Containing Mercury
42 U.S.C. ch. 138: Assisted Suicide Funding Restriction Act of 1997|Assisted Suicide Funding Restriction
42 U.S.C. ch. 139: Volunteer Protection
42 U.S.C. ch. 140: Criminal Justice Identification, Information, and Communication
42 U.S.C. ch. 140A: Jennifer's Law (federal law)|Jennifer's Law
42 U.S.C. ch. 141: Commercial Space Opportunities and Transportation Services
42 U.S.C. ch. 142: Poison Control Center Enhancement and Awareness Act|Poison Control Center Enhancement and Awareness
42 U.S.C. ch. 143: Intercountry Adoption Act of 2000|Intercountry Adoptions
42 U.S.C. ch. 144: Developmental Disabilities Assistance and Bill of Rights Act of 2000|Developmental Disabilities Assistance and Bill of Rights
42 U.S.C. ch. 145: Public Safety Officer Medal of Valor and Tributes
42 U.S.C. ch. 146: Election Administration Improvement
42 U.S.C. ch. 147: Prison Rape Elimination
42 U.S.C. ch. 148: Windstorm Impact Reduction Act|Windstorm Impact Reduction
42 U.S.C. ch. 149: Energy Policy, 2005
42 U.S.C. ch. 150: National Aeronautics and Space Programs, 2005
42 U.S.C. ch. 151: Child Protection and Safety
42 U.S.C. ch. 152: Energy Independence and Security
42 U.S.C. ch. 1—The Public Health Service
42 U.S.C. ch. 1A—The Public Health Service, Supplemental Provisions
42 U.S.C. ch. 2—Sanitation and Quarantine
42 U.S.C. ch. 3—Leprosy
42 U.S.C. ch. 3A—Cancer
42 U.S.C. ch. 4—Viruses, Serums, Toxins, Antitoxins, Etc.
42 U.S.C. ch. 5—Maternity and Infancy Welfare and Hygiene
42 U.S.C. ch. 6—The Children's Bureau
42 U.S.C. ch. 6A—Public Health Service (Public Health Service Act)
42 U.S.C. ch. 7—Social Security
42 U.S.C. ch. 7A—Temporary Unemployment Compensation Program
42 U.S.C. ch. 8—Low-Income Housing
42 U.S.C. ch. 8A—Slum Clearance, Urban Renewal, and Farm Housing
42 U.S.C. ch. 8B—Public Works or Facilities
42 U.S.C. ch. 8C—Open-Space Land Act|Open-Space Land
42 U.S.C. ch. 9—Housing of Persons Engaged in National Defense
42 U.S.C. ch. 10—Federal Security Agency
42 U.S.C. ch. 11—Compensation for Disability or Death to Persons Employed at Military, Air, and Naval Bases Outside United States
42 U.S.C. ch. 12—Compensation for Injury, Death, or Detention of Employees of Contractors with United States Outside United States
42 U.S.C. ch. 13—School Lunch Programs
42 U.S.C. ch. 13A—Child Nutrition
42 U.S.C. ch. 14—Development and Control of Atomic Energy
42 U.S.C. ch. 15—Disaster Relief
42 U.S.C. ch. 15A—Reciprocal Fire Protection Act of 1955|Reciprocal Fire Protection Agreements
42 U.S.C. ch. 15B—Air Pollution Control
42 U.S.C. ch. 16—National Science Foundation
42 U.S.C. ch. 16A—Grants for Support of Scientific Research
42 U.S.C. ch. 16B—Contracts for Scientific and Technological Research
42 U.S.C. ch. 17—Federal Employment Service
42 U.S.C. ch. 18—Youth Medals
42 U.S.C. ch. 19—Saline and Salt Waters
42 U.S.C. ch. 19A—Water Resources Research Program
42 U.S.C. ch. 19B—Water Resources Planning Act|Water Resources Planning
42 U.S.C. ch. 20—Elective Franchise
42 U.S.C. ch. 20A—Civil Rights Commission
42 U.S.C. ch. 21—Civil Rights
42 U.S.C. ch. 21A—Privacy Protection Act|Privacy Protection
42 U.S.C. ch. 21B—Religious Freedom Restoration
42 U.S.C. ch. 21C—Protection of Religious Exercise in Land Use and by Institutionalized Persons
42 U.S.C. ch. 22—Indian Hospitals and Health Facilities
42 U.S.C. ch. 23—Development and Control of Atomic Energy
42 U.S.C. ch. 24—Disposal of Atomic Energy Communities
42 U.S.C. ch. 25—Federal Flood Insurance
42 U.S.C. ch. 26—National Space Program
42 U.S.C. ch. 26A—National Space Grant College and Fellowship Program
42 U.S.C. ch. 26B—Biomedical Research in Space Act of 1991|Biomedical Research in Space
42 U.S.C. ch. 27—Loan Service of Captioned Films and Educational Media for Handicapped
42 U.S.C. ch. 28—Area Redevelopment Act|Area Redevelopment Program
42 U.S.C. ch. 29—Juvenile Delinquency and Youth Offenses Control Act of 1961|Juvenile Delinquency and Youth Offenses Control
42 U.S.C. ch. 30—Manpower Development and Training Program
42 U.S.C. ch. 31—Public Works Acceleration Program
42 U.S.C. ch. 32—Third Party Liability for Hospital and Medical Care
42 U.S.C. ch. 33—Community Mental Health Act|Community Mental Health Centers
42 U.S.C. ch. 34—Economic Opportunity Program
42 U.S.C. ch. 35—Programs for Older Americans
42 U.S.C. ch. 35A—Community Service Employment for Older Americans
42 U.S.C. ch. 36—Compensation of Condemnees in Development Programs
42 U.S.C. ch. 37—Community Facilities and Advance Land Acquisition
42 U.S.C. ch. 38—Public Works and Economic Development
42 U.S.C. ch. 39—Solid Waste Disposal
42 U.S.C. ch. 40—Soil Information Assistance for Community Planning and Resource Development
42 U.S.C. ch. 41—Demonstration Cities and Metropolitan Development Program
42 U.S.C. ch. 42—Narcotic Addict Rehabilitation Act|Narcotic Addict Rehabilitation
42 U.S.C. ch. 43—Department of Health and Human Services
42 U.S.C. ch. 44—Department of Housing and Urban Development
42 U.S.C. ch. 45—Fair Housing
42 U.S.C. ch. 46—Justice System Improvement Act of 1979|Justice System Improvement
42 U.S.C. ch. 47—Juvenile Delinquency Prevention and Control
42 U.S.C. ch. 48—Guarantees for Financing New Community Land Development
42 U.S.C. ch. 49—National Housing Partnerships
42 U.S.C. ch. 50—National Flood Insurance
42 U.S.C. ch. 51—Design and Construction of Public Buildings to Accommodate Physically Handicapped
42 U.S.C. ch. 52—Intergovernmental Cooperation
42 U.S.C. ch. 52A—Joint Funding Simplification
42 U.S.C. ch. 53—Advisory Commission on Intergovernmental Relations
42 U.S.C. ch. 54—Cabinet Committee on Opportunities for Spanish-Speaking People
42 U.S.C. ch. 55—National Environmental Policy
42 U.S.C. ch. 56—Environmental Quality Improvement
42 U.S.C. ch. 57—Environmental Pollution Study
42 U.S.C. ch. 58—Disaster Relief
42 U.S.C. ch. 59—National Urban Policy and New Community Development
42 U.S.C. ch. 60—Comprehensive Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Prevention, Treatment, and Rehabilitation Program
42 U.S.C. ch. 61—Uniform Relocation Assistance and Real Property Acquisition Policies Act|Uniform Relocation Assistance and Real Property Acquisition Policies for Federal and Federally Assisted Programs
42 U.S.C. ch. 62—Intergovernmental Personnel Program
42 U.S.C. ch. 63—Lead-Based Paint Poisoning Prevention Act|Lead-Based Paint Poisoning Prevention
42 U.S.C. ch. 63A—Residential Lead-Based Paint Hazard Reduction
42 U.S.C. ch. 64—Public Service Employment Programs
42 U.S.C. ch. 65—Noise Control
42 U.S.C. ch. 66—Domestic Volunteer Services
42 U.S.C. ch. 67—Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment and Adoption Reform Act of 1978|Adoption Reform
42 U.S.C. ch. 68—Disaster Relief
42 U.S.C. ch. 69—Community Development
42 U.S.C. ch. 70—Manufactured Home Construction and Safety Standards
42 U.S.C. ch. 71—Solar Energy Act|Solar Energy
42 U.S.C. ch. 72—Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention
42 U.S.C. ch. 73—Development of Energy Sources
42 U.S.C. ch. 74—Federal Nonnuclear Energy Research and Development Act of 1974|Nonnuclear Energy Research and Development
42 U.S.C. ch. 75—Programs for Individuals with Developmental Disabilities
42 U.S.C. ch. 76—Age Discrimination in Federally Assisted Programs
42 U.S.C. ch. 77—Energy Conservation Act|Energy Conservation
42 U.S.C. ch. 78—National Petroleum Reserve in Alaska
42 U.S.C. ch. 79—National Science and Technology Policy, Organization, and Priorities Act of 1976|Science and Technology Policy, Organization and Priorities
42 U.S.C. ch. 80—Public Works Employment Act of 1977|Public Works Employment
42 U.S.C. ch. 81—Energy Conservation and Resource Renewal
42 U.S.C. ch. 82—Solid Waste Disposal
42 U.S.C. ch. 83—National Energy Extension Service Act of 1977|Energy Extension Service
42 U.S.C. ch. 84—Department of Energy
42 U.S.C. ch. 85—Air Pollution Prevention and Control
42 U.S.C. ch. 86—Earthquake Hazards Reduction
42 U.S.C. ch. 87—Water Research and Development Act of 1978|Water Research and Development
42 U.S.C. ch. 88—Uranium Mill Tailings Radiation Control Act
42 U.S.C. ch. 89—Congregate Housing Services Act of 1978|Congregate Housing Services
42 U.S.C. ch. 90—Neighborhood and City Reinvestment, Self-Help and Revitalization
42 U.S.C. ch. 91—National Energy Conservation Policy
42 U.S.C. ch. 92—Powerplant and Industrial Fuel Use Act|Powerplant and Industrial Fuel Use
42 U.S.C. ch. 93—Emergency Energy Conservation
42 U.S.C. ch. 94—Low-Income Energy Assistance
42 U.S.C. ch. 95—United States Synthetic Fuels Corporation
42 U.S.C. ch. 96—Biomass Energy and Alcohol Fuels
42 U.S.C. ch. 97—Acid Precipitation Program and Carbon Dioxide Study
42 U.S.C. ch. 98—Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion Research, Development, and Demonstration Act|Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion Research and Development
42 U.S.C. ch. 99—Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion Act of 1980|Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion
42 U.S.C. ch. 100—Wind Energy Systems Act of 1980|Wind Energy Systems
42 U.S.C. ch. 101: Magnetic Fusion Energy Engineering Act of 1980|Magnetic Fusion Energy Engineering
42 U.S.C. ch. 102: Mental Health Systems
42 U.S.C. ch. 103: Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability
42 U.S.C. ch. 104: Nuclear Safety Research, Development, and Demonstration
42 U.S.C. ch. 105: Community Services Programs
42 U.S.C. ch. 106: Community Services Block Grant Program
42 U.S.C. ch. 107: Consumer-Patient Radiation Health and Safety Act of 1981|Consumer-Patient Radiation Health and Safety
42 U.S.C. ch. 108: Nuclear Waste Policy
42 U.S.C. ch. 109: Water Resources Research
42 U.S.C. ch. 109A: Membrane Processes Research Act of 1992|Membrane Processes Research
42 U.S.C. ch. 110: Family Violence Prevention and Services
42 U.S.C. ch. 111: Emergency Federal Law Enforcement Assistance Act|Emergency Federal Law Enforcement Assistance
42 U.S.C. ch. 112: Victim Compensation and Assistance
42 U.S.C. ch. 113: State Justice Institute
42 U.S.C. ch. 114: Protection and Advocacy for Mentally Ill Individuals Act of 1986|Protection And Advocacy For Mentally Ill Individuals
42 U.S.C. ch. 115: Child Development Associate Scholarship Assistance Program
42 U.S.C. ch. 116: Emergency Planning and Community Right-To-Know
42 U.S.C. ch. 117: Encouraging Good Faith Professional Review Activities
42 U.S.C. ch. 118: Alzheimer's Disease and Related Dementias Research
42 U.S.C. ch. 119: Homeless Assistance
42 U.S.C. ch. 120: Enterprise Zone Development
42 U.S.C. ch. 121: International Child Abduction Remedies
42 U.S.C. ch. 122: Native Hawaiian Health Care Act of 1988|Native Hawaiian Health Care
42 U.S.C. ch. 123: Drug Abuse Education and Prevention Act of 1986|Drug Abuse Education and Prevention
42 U.S.C. ch. 124: Public Housing Drug Elimination Program|Public Housing Drug Elimination
42 U.S.C. ch. 125: Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Technology Competitiveness Act of 1989|Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Technology Competitiveness
42 U.S.C. ch. 126: Equal Opportunity For Individuals With Disabilities
42 U.S.C. ch. 127: Coordinated Services For Children, Youth, and Families
42 U.S.C. ch. 128: Hydrogen Research, Development, and Demonstration Program Act of 1990
42 U.S.C. ch. 129: National and Community Service Act of 1990|National and Community Service
42 U.S.C. ch. 130: National Affordable Housing Act|National Affordable Housing
42 U.S.C. ch. 131: Housing Opportunities for Persons with AIDS Program|Housing Opportunities for Persons with AIDS
42 U.S.C. ch. 132: Victims of Child Abuse
42 U.S.C. ch. 133: Pollution Prevention Act|Pollution Prevention
42 U.S.C. ch. 134: Energy Policy
42 U.S.C. ch. 135: Residency and Service Requirements in Federally Assisted Housing
42 U.S.C. ch. 136: Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement
42 U.S.C. ch. 137: Management of Rechargeable Batteries and Batteries Containing Mercury
42 U.S.C. ch. 138: Assisted Suicide Funding Restriction Act of 1997|Assisted Suicide Funding Restriction
42 U.S.C. ch. 139: Volunteer Protection
42 U.S.C. ch. 140: Criminal Justice Identification, Information, and Communication
42 U.S.C. ch. 140A: Jennifer's Law (federal law)|Jennifer's Law
42 U.S.C. ch. 141: Commercial Space Opportunities and Transportation Services
42 U.S.C. ch. 142: Poison Control Center Enhancement and Awareness Act|Poison Control Center Enhancement and Awareness
42 U.S.C. ch. 143: Intercountry Adoption Act of 2000|Intercountry Adoptions
42 U.S.C. ch. 144: Developmental Disabilities Assistance and Bill of Rights Act of 2000|Developmental Disabilities Assistance and Bill of Rights
42 U.S.C. ch. 145: Public Safety Officer Medal of Valor and Tributes
42 U.S.C. ch. 146: Election Administration Improvement
42 U.S.C. ch. 147: Prison Rape Elimination
42 U.S.C. ch. 148: Windstorm Impact Reduction Act|Windstorm Impact Reduction
42 U.S.C. ch. 149: Energy Policy, 2005
42 U.S.C. ch. 150: National Aeronautics and Space Programs, 2005
42 U.S.C. ch. 151: Child Protection and Safety
42 U.S.C. ch. 152: Energy Independence and Security
From the DOJ: DEPRIVATION OF RIGHTS UNDER COLOR OF LAW
- Click here for it.
TITLE 18, U.S.C., SECTION 242
Title 18 concerns crimes and criminal procedures.
- Click here for it.
From Wikipedia: Ku Klux Klan Act
- Click here for it.
The Enforcement Act of 1871 (17 Stat. 13), also known as the Ku Klux Klan Act, Third Enforcement Act,[1] Third Ku Klux Klan Act,[2] Civil Rights Act of 1871, or Force Act of 1871,[3] is an Act of the United States Congress which empowered the President to suspend the writ of habeas corpus to combat the Ku Klux Klan (KKK) and other terrorist organizations. The act was passed by the 42nd United States Congress and signed into law by United States President Ulysses S. Grant on April 20, 1871. The act was the last of three Enforcement Acts passed by the United States Congress from 1870 to 1871 during the Reconstruction Era to combat attacks upon the suffrage rights of African Americans. The statute has been subject to only minor changes since then, but has been the subject of voluminous interpretation by courts.
Several of the act's provisions still exist today as codified statutes. The most important of these is 42 U.S.C. § 1983: Civil action for deprivation of rights. It is the most widely used civil rights enforcement statute, allowing people to sue in civil court over civil rights violations.
From the Texas State Library and Archives Commission: DECLARATION OF CAUSES: February 2, 1861 A declaration of the causes which impel the State of Texas to secede from the Federal Union.
- Click here for it.
From the intro:
The government of the United States, by certain joint resolutions, bearing date the 1st day of
March, in the year A.D. 1845, proposed to the Republic of Texas, then a free, sovereign and independent nation, the annexation of the latter to the former as one of the co-equal States thereof,
The people of Texas, by deputies in convention assembled, on the fourth day of July of the same year, assented to and accepted said proposals and formed a constitution for the proposed State, upon which on the 29th day of December in the same year, said State was formally admitted into the Confederated Union.
Texas abandoned her separate national existence and consented to become one of the Confederated States to promote her welfare, insure domestic tranquility [sic] and secure more substantially the blessings of peace and liberty to her people. She was received into the confederacy with her own constitution, under the guarantee of the federal constitution and the compact of annexation, that she should enjoy these blessings. She was received as a commonwealth holding, maintaining and protecting the institution known as negro slavery--the servitude of the African to the white race within her limits--a relation that had existed from the first settlement of her wilderness by the white race, and which her people intended should exist in all future time. Her institutions and geographical position established the strongest ties between her and other slave-holding States of the confederacy. Those ties have been strengthened by association. But what has been the course of the government of the United States, and of the people and authorities of the non-slave-holding States, since our connection with them?
The controlling majority of the Federal Government, under various pretences and disguises, has so administered the same as to exclude the citizens of the Southern States, unless under odious and unconstitutional restrictions, from all the immense territory owned in common by all the States on the Pacific Ocean, for the avowed purpose of acquiring sufficient power in the common government to use it as a means of destroying the institutions of Texas and her sister slave-holding States.
By the disloyalty of the Northern States and their citizens and the imbecility of the Federal Government, infamous combinations of incendiaries and outlaws have been permitted in those States and the common territory of Kansas to trample upon the federal laws, to war upon the lives and property of Southern citizens in that territory, and finally, by violence and mob law, to usurp the possession of the same as exclusively the property of the Northern States.
The Federal Government, while but partially under the control of these our unnatural and sectional enemies, has for years almost entirely failed to protect the lives and property of the people of Texas against the Indian savages on our border, and more recently against the murderous forays of banditti from the neighboring territory of Mexico; and when our State government has expended large amounts for such purpose, the Federal Government has refused reimbursement therefor, thus rendering our condition more insecure and harrassing than it was during the existence of the Republic of Texas.
These and other wrongs we have patiently borne in the vain hope that a returning sense of justice and humanity would induce a different course of administration.
When we advert to the course of individual non-slave-holding States, and that [of] a majority of their citizens, our grievances assume far greater magnitude.
The Civil War Amendments
- 13th Amendment.
Passed by Congress January 31, 1865. Ratified December 6, 1865.
1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.
2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.
- 14th Amendment.
Passed by Congress June 13, 1866. Ratified July 9, 1868
1. All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor to deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.
2. Representatives shall be apportioned among the several States according to their respective numbers, counting the whole number of persons in each State, excluding Indians not taxed. But when the right to vote at any election for the choice of Electors for President and Vice-President of the United States, Representatives in Congress, the executive and judicial officers of a State, or the members of the legislature thereof, is denied to any of the male inhabitants of such State, being twenty-one years of age, and citizens of the United States, or in any way abridged, except for participation in rebellion, or other crime, the basis of representation therein shall be reduced in the proportion which the number of such male citizens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens twenty-one years of age in such State.
3. No person shall be a Senator or Representative in Congress, or Elector of President and Vice-President, or hold any office, civil or military, under the United States, or under any State, who, having previously taken an oath, as a member of Congress, or as an officer of the United States, or as a member of any State Legislature, or as an executive or judicial officer of any State, to support the Constitution of the United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof. But Congress may by a vote of two-thirds of each House, remove such disability.
4. The validity of the public debt of the United States, authorized by law, including debts incurred for payment of pensions and bounties for services in suppressing insurrection or rebellion, shall not be questioned. But neither the United States nor any State shall assume or pay any debt or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion against the United States, or any claim for the loss or emancipation of any slave; but all such debts, obligations and claims shall be held illegal and void.
5. The Congress shall have the power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article.
- 15th Amendment.
Passed by Congress February 26, 1869. Ratified February 3, 1870.
1. The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.
2. The Congress shall have the power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.
Passed by Congress January 31, 1865. Ratified December 6, 1865.
1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.
2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.
- 14th Amendment.
Passed by Congress June 13, 1866. Ratified July 9, 1868
1. All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor to deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.
2. Representatives shall be apportioned among the several States according to their respective numbers, counting the whole number of persons in each State, excluding Indians not taxed. But when the right to vote at any election for the choice of Electors for President and Vice-President of the United States, Representatives in Congress, the executive and judicial officers of a State, or the members of the legislature thereof, is denied to any of the male inhabitants of such State, being twenty-one years of age, and citizens of the United States, or in any way abridged, except for participation in rebellion, or other crime, the basis of representation therein shall be reduced in the proportion which the number of such male citizens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens twenty-one years of age in such State.
3. No person shall be a Senator or Representative in Congress, or Elector of President and Vice-President, or hold any office, civil or military, under the United States, or under any State, who, having previously taken an oath, as a member of Congress, or as an officer of the United States, or as a member of any State Legislature, or as an executive or judicial officer of any State, to support the Constitution of the United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof. But Congress may by a vote of two-thirds of each House, remove such disability.
4. The validity of the public debt of the United States, authorized by law, including debts incurred for payment of pensions and bounties for services in suppressing insurrection or rebellion, shall not be questioned. But neither the United States nor any State shall assume or pay any debt or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion against the United States, or any claim for the loss or emancipation of any slave; but all such debts, obligations and claims shall be held illegal and void.
5. The Congress shall have the power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article.
- 15th Amendment.
Passed by Congress February 26, 1869. Ratified February 3, 1870.
1. The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.
2. The Congress shall have the power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.
Stupid Questions GOVT 2305 SCH1
What are Civil Rights? Are they always upheld?
The most confusing subject matter we've discussed would probably be the Constitution. The articles and amendments are not easy to remember and differentiate. My stupid question is why isn't there an official and easily accessible Constitution translated into traditional print form?
What is something that you enjoy doing besides teaching government?
I know how you feel about our mascot (laugh out loud), so my stupid question is: If SCHS’s mascot weren’t sharks, what do you think it should be and what should it be named? However, to answer your question, I don’t really have any questions or concerns regarding the subject matter we’ve covered so far.
I'm still a bit confused about a topic that we covered on "illiberal democracies". What is it? Is it the opposite of a liberal democracy meaning a conservative democracy?
Who is Americas president?
The most confusing part about what we have covered is the difference between conservative and liberal. Can you still be a Democrat, if you do not like Joe Biden?
In regards to GeoPolitics, I understand that you end up taking into consideration a country's physical area like how close they are to water or what resources they may not have that a neighboring country does have, but how does Geopolitics take into consideration the people of these countries and how they might react to each other or how their cultures could clash?
I'm not sure if this counts as subject matter that we've covered but it does relate to things we have covered. My question is why does Russia think that invading Ukraine will make Ukraine want to go back to the Soviet Union? If anything it is making things way worse.
The most confusing subject matter we've discussed would probably be the Constitution. The articles and amendments are not easy to remember and differentiate. My stupid question is why isn't there an official and easily accessible Constitution translated into traditional print form?
What is something that you enjoy doing besides teaching government?
I know how you feel about our mascot (laugh out loud), so my stupid question is: If SCHS’s mascot weren’t sharks, what do you think it should be and what should it be named? However, to answer your question, I don’t really have any questions or concerns regarding the subject matter we’ve covered so far.
I'm still a bit confused about a topic that we covered on "illiberal democracies". What is it? Is it the opposite of a liberal democracy meaning a conservative democracy?
Who is Americas president?
The most confusing part about what we have covered is the difference between conservative and liberal. Can you still be a Democrat, if you do not like Joe Biden?
In regards to GeoPolitics, I understand that you end up taking into consideration a country's physical area like how close they are to water or what resources they may not have that a neighboring country does have, but how does Geopolitics take into consideration the people of these countries and how they might react to each other or how their cultures could clash?
I'm not sure if this counts as subject matter that we've covered but it does relate to things we have covered. My question is why does Russia think that invading Ukraine will make Ukraine want to go back to the Soviet Union? If anything it is making things way worse.
SECTION 2 OF THE VOTING RIGHTS ACT
42 U.S.C. § 1973. Denial or abridgement of right to vote on account of race or color through voting qualifications or prerequisites; establishment of violation.
a) No voting qualification or prerequisite to voting or standard, practice, or procedure shall be imposed or applied by any State or political subdivision in a manner which results in a denial or abridgement of the right of any citizen of the United States to vote on account of race or color, or in contravention of the guarantees set forth in section 1973b
(f)(2) of this title, as provided in subsection (b) of this section.
(f)(2) of this title, as provided in subsection (b) of this section.
(b) A violation of subsection (a) of this section is established if, based on the totality of circumstances, it is shown that the political processes leading to nomination or election in the State or political subdivision are not equally open to participation by members of a class of citizens protected by subsection (a) of this section in that its members have less opportunity than other members of the electorate to participate in the political process and to elect representatives of their choice. The extent to which members of a protected class have been elected to office in the State or political subdivision is one circumstance which may be considered: Provided, That nothing in this section establishes a right to have members of a protected class elected in numbers equal to their proportion in the population.
CREDIT(S) (Pub.L. 89-110, Title I, § 2, Aug. 6, 1965, 79 Stat. 437, redesignated Pub.L. 91-285, � 2, June 22, 1970, 84 Stat. 314, and amended Pub.L. 94- 73, Title II, § 206, Aug. 6, 1975, 89 Stat. 402; Pub.L. 97-205, § 3, June 29, 1982, 96 Stat. 134.)
Tuesday, April 5, 2022
1 – Agencies of Education
Public Education
- Texas Education Agency
- Texas School for the Blind and Visually Impaired
- Texas School for the Deaf
Higher Education
- Higher Education Coordinating Board
- General Academic Institutions
- Health-related Institutions
- Public Community/Junior Colleges
- Lamar State Colleges
- Texas State Technical Colleges
- Texas A&M University System Agencies
2 - Health and Human Services
Department of Family and Protective Services
- Child Protective Services
Department of State Health Services
- Public Health Services
Health and Human Services Commission
- Medicaid Client Services
- Children’s Health Insurance Program
- Behavioral Health Services
3 - Business and Economic Development
Texas Department of Housing and Community Affairs
- Community-based Programs
- Affordable Housing
Texas Lottery Commission
- Texas Lottery Operations
- Charitable Bingo
Department of Motor Vehicles
Texas Department of Transportation
- Highway Planning and Construction
Texas Workforce Commission
- Workforce Services
- Childcare Services
- Vocational Rehabilitation
- Unemployment Compensation
4 - Public Safety and Criminal Justice
Alcoholic Beverage Commission
Department of Criminal Justice
- Correctional Operations
- Inmate Services
- Parole Services
- Community Supervision
Commission on Fire Protection
Commission on Jail Standards
Juvenile Justice Department
- Local Juvenile Justice
- State Juvenile Justice
- Parole Services
Texas Commission on Law Enforcement
Texas Military Department
- Training and Active Duty
- Facilities Maintenance and Operations
- Educational Services
- Military Support Services
. Department of Public Safety
5 - Natural Resources
Texas Department of Agriculture
- Food and Nutrition Programs
- Rural Affairs Programs
- Standards and Measurements Programs
- Markets and Public Health Programs
Texas Animal Health Commission
- Field Operations
Texas Commission on Environmental Quality
- Assessment and Planning
- Permitting and Compliance
General Land Office and Veterans’ Land Board
- Disaster Recovery
- Manage State Assets
- Coastal Conservation
- Veterans’ Programs
Texas Low-level Radioactive Waste Disposal Compact Commission
Parks And Wildlife Department
- State Parks and Grants
- Capital Improvements
- Conservation and Licensing
- Law Enforcement
Railroad Commission of Texas
- Environmental Protection
- Energy Resources
- Permitting and Compliance
- Safety Programs
State Soil and Water Conservation Board
- Soil and Water Conservation
- Flood-control Dams
- Nonpoint Source Pollution
- Water Supply Enhancement
Texas Water Development Board
- Water Resources Planning
- Water Project Financing
From Wikipedia: Wagner Group
I just heard them mentioned in a story on the Ukrainian invasion.
- Click here for the entry.
The Wagner Group (Russian: Группа Вагнера, romanized: Gruppa Vagnera), also known as PMC Wagner, ChVK Wagner (ChVK being the Russian abbreviation for Private Military Company),[34] or CHVK Vagner (ЧВК Вагнера ChVK Vagnera, Частная Военная Компания Вагнера), is a Russian paramilitary organization. It is variously described as a private military company, a network of mercenaries, or a de facto private army of Russian President Vladimir Putin.[35]
Because it often operates in support of Russian interests or foreign policy objectives, and is reportedly trained on installations of the Russian Ministry of Defence (MoD), several sources consider ChVK Wagner an arm's-length unit of the MoD or Russia's military intelligence agency, the GRU.[38] Likewise, the group is widely believed to be owned or financed by Yevgeny Prigozhin, a businessman with close links to Putin. It is speculated that the Wagner Group is used by the Russian government to allow for plausible deniability in certain conflicts; it has most recently been tied to the Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022, where it has been reportedly deployed to assassinate Ukrainian leaders.
- Mercenaries.
- Paramilitary organizations.
Monday, April 4, 2022
From Foreign Affairs: The Perilous Long Game in Ukraine - Compromising With Putin May Be America’s Best Option
Some advice from the Rand Corporation. How are America's interests (whatever those are) best served?
- Samuel Charap.
- The Rand Corporation.
- Click here for the article.
Some observers have welcomed the prospect of a protracted war as an opportunity both to dramatically weaken Russia and to undermine Putin’s regime. But the reality is that Putin has already done astounding damage to his country’s power, prestige, and economic prospects. A long war in Ukraine might push that process of decline and marginalization too far, too fast— turning Russia into a massive version of North Korea—and thus threaten three key long-term U.S. objectives.
First, Washington has an interest in long-term stability and a durable peace in a postwar Ukraine and along Russia’s periphery to reduce the likelihood of a conflict like this in the future. In addition to a massive humanitarian and economic aid effort to stabilize Ukraine, this will require follow-on consultations with all parties concerned—Russia, Ukraine, Russia’s other neighbors, and the West. Talks should be aimed at agreeing on rules of the road that would minimize the risk of a future war involving Russia and its neighbors.
. . .
Second, although the United States and its allies should hold Russia accountable for the war, it will be important to avoid transforming the country into a basket case, an incorrigible international spoiler, or both. This will inevitably prove a difficult balancing act. Some of the punitive sanctions and other measures imposed on Russia for its aggression will likely have to remain in place. But a severe enough economic shock could destabilize the country, returning to the nightmare scenario from the 1990s, of a Russia in chaos.
. . . Even if Russia does not transform into an economic basket case, it might well become a rogue actor. Moscow demonstrated many rogue-like tendencies before the war as seen in its 2014 annexation of Crimea and interference in the 2016 U.S. presidential election. If all incentives for moderation are gone, those tendencies would likely become the norm. And if Russia begins to behave like a determined international spoiler, in the manner of North Korea, it could drag down much of what remains of the multilateral system, including the nuclear nonproliferation regime and the UN Security Council.
. . .
Finally, although it is clear that Russia’s aggression will leave it far more dependent on China regardless of what Washington does now, the United States does have a long-term interest in avoiding a new bipolarity. A Russia completely dependent on China—and a China willing to underwrite Putin’s regime—could bring the two into a de facto alliance to counter the United States and its allies. Such an outcome could exacerbate Washington’s challenges in its long-term competition with Beijing.
These three long-term interests—achieving regional stability, discouraging Russia from turning into an international rogue, and precluding a new bipolarity—should not stop U.S. policymakers from imposing costs on Putin and his regime. But they should inform U.S. decision-making. A negotiated peace in the coming weeks that allows for some sanctions relief would be a necessary first step toward pursuing all three. Otherwise, continued regional conflicts, a Russian economic implosion, increased global disorder, and a de facto Moscow-Beijing alliance all become more likely long-term outcomes.
Changing opinion on interracial marriage
16% of whites still disapprove.
Who are they? And why do they disapprove?
- Click here for the article.
Approval of marriages between blacks and whites is up one percentage point from 2011, when this attitude was last measured. Approval has generally increased in a linear fashion from Gallup's first measure in 1958, reaching the majority threshold in 1997, and crossing the three-quarters line in 2004. Eleven percent of Americans today say they disapprove of black-white marriage, compared with 94% who disapproved in 1958.
Blacks' approval of black-white marriage (96%) is now nearly universal, while whites' approval is 12 percentage points lower, at 84%. Blacks' approval has consistently been higher than whites' over the decades, although attitudes among both racial groups have generally moved in a parallel manner since 1968 -- when Gallup first was able to report reliable estimates of each group's opinion. The gap between black approval and white approval in recent years has been smaller than it was prior to 1997.
Who are they? And why do they disapprove?
- Click here for the article.
Approval of marriages between blacks and whites is up one percentage point from 2011, when this attitude was last measured. Approval has generally increased in a linear fashion from Gallup's first measure in 1958, reaching the majority threshold in 1997, and crossing the three-quarters line in 2004. Eleven percent of Americans today say they disapprove of black-white marriage, compared with 94% who disapproved in 1958.
Blacks' approval of black-white marriage (96%) is now nearly universal, while whites' approval is 12 percentage points lower, at 84%. Blacks' approval has consistently been higher than whites' over the decades, although attitudes among both racial groups have generally moved in a parallel manner since 1968 -- when Gallup first was able to report reliable estimates of each group's opinion. The gap between black approval and white approval in recent years has been smaller than it was prior to 1997.
From the Texas Tribune: Texas is quietly using redistricting lawsuits to launch a broader war against federal voting rights law
For out look at civil and voting rights.
- Click here for the article.
Beyond the immediate legal fight over whether Texas lawmakers again discriminated against voters of color when drawing new political districts, a quieter war is being waged that could dramatically constrict voting rights protections nationwide for years to come.
The pathway to federal court has been through the Voting Rights Act. Key portions of the landmark law have been weakened in the last decade, but Texans of color still find a way to file lawsuits under its Section 2, which prohibits discriminatory voting procedures and practices that deny voters of color an equal opportunity to participate in elections.
Those protections are the vehicle being used by voters and various civil rights groups to challenge political maps for Congress and the state legislature drawn by Texas Republicans in 2021 to account for population growth. In what promises to be a protracted court fight, Texas will defend itself against accusations that it discriminated — in some cases intentionally — against voters of color.
But tucked into the legal briefs the state has filed with a three-judge panel considering the redistricting lawsuits are two arguments that reach far beyond the validity of the specific maps being challenged.
First, the Texas attorney general’s office is arguing that private individuals — like the average voters and civil rights groups now suing the state — don't have standing to bring lawsuits under Section 2. That would leave only the U.S. Department of Justice to pursue alleged violations of the act, putting enforcement in the hands of the political party in power.
Second, the state argues that Section 2 does not apply to redistricting issues at all.
For UH - 4/4/22
5th Amendment - due process
14th Amendment
- equal protection clause
strict scrutiny
intermediate scrutiny
rational basis test
Brown v Board
Voting Rights Act
Preclearance
Shelby County v Holder
EEOC
Affirmative Action
- Bakke
- Michigan
- UT
US v. Wong Kim Ark
ERA
Civil Rights Acts
Title VII of the 1964 CRA
public accommodations
Commerce Clause
President’s Commission on Civil Rights
Gay Rights Movement
Seneca Falls Convention
1977 Community Reinvestment Act
Loving v Virginia
voter id and the US Supreme Court
Civil War Amendments
Arizona’s 2010 immigration law
citizenship for native Americans
pupil placement laws
Lawrence v Texas
G.I. Forum
LULAC
MAPDEF
14th Amendment
- equal protection clause
strict scrutiny
intermediate scrutiny
rational basis test
Brown v Board
Voting Rights Act
Preclearance
Shelby County v Holder
EEOC
Affirmative Action
- Bakke
- Michigan
- UT
US v. Wong Kim Ark
ERA
Civil Rights Acts
Title VII of the 1964 CRA
public accommodations
Commerce Clause
President’s Commission on Civil Rights
Gay Rights Movement
Seneca Falls Convention
1977 Community Reinvestment Act
Loving v Virginia
voter id and the US Supreme Court
Civil War Amendments
Arizona’s 2010 immigration law
citizenship for native Americans
pupil placement laws
Lawrence v Texas
G.I. Forum
LULAC
MAPDEF
From Wikipedia: The Overton Window
Might be worth considering as we investigate public opinion and public policy.
- Click here for the entry.
The term is named after American policy analyst Joseph Overton, who stated that an idea's political viability depends mainly on whether it falls within this range, rather than on politicians' individual preferences.[2][3] According to Overton, the window frames the range of policies that a politician can recommend without appearing too extreme to gain or keep public office given the climate of public opinion at that time.
Overton described a spectrum from "more free" to "less free" with regard to government intervention, oriented vertically on an axis, to avoid comparison with the left/right political spectrum.[8] As the spectrum moves or expands, an idea at a given location may become more or less politically acceptable. After Overton's death, his Mackinac Center for Public Policy colleague Joseph Lehman further developed the idea and named it after Overton.[9]
Political commentator Joshua Treviño has postulated that the six degrees of acceptance of public ideas are roughly:[10]
- Unthinkable
- Radical
- Acceptable
- Sensible
- Popular
- Policy
The Overton window is an approach to identifying the ideas that define the spectrum of acceptability of governmental policies. Politicians can only act within the acceptable range. Shifting the Overton window involves proponents of policies outside the window persuading the public to expand the window. Proponents of current policies, or similar ones within the window, seek to convince people that policies outside it should be deemed unacceptable. According to Lehman, who coined the term, "The most common misconception is that lawmakers themselves are in the business of shifting the Overton window. That is absolutely false. Lawmakers are actually in the business of detecting where the window is, and then moving to be in accordance with it."
Sunday, April 3, 2022
Focus on the US House
- House votes to legalize cannabis, but Senate has its own ideas.
The House passed a bill to legalize marijuana for the second consecutive Congress, signaling a continued interest by Democrats in overhauling the federal approach to a substance that is legal for medical use in 37 states.
The 220-204 vote on the bill, which would decriminalize the possession and use of marijuana, fell mostly along party lines Friday. Three Republicans voted in favor of the bill, and two Democrats voted against.
When a similar bill passed in 2020, the GOP-controlled Senate declined to take it up, but lawmakers are hopeful that growing public support and a Democratic majority in the chamber could spur action.
“The Senate works with its own schedule,” said Rep. Earl Blumenauer, an Oregon Democrat. “We’ve talked to a number of people in terms of their support for this, but I’ve only been here 20 years, and I do not pretend to understand the ways of the Senate.”
- House readies relief package for restaurants, other industries.
The House might vote next week on a small-business pandemic aid package that would provide $42 billion for additional restaurant relief and $13 billion for other “hard hit” industries.
The Rules Committee is scheduled to meet on the revised bill Tuesday afternoon, which indicates floor action soon after. Democratic leaders are whipping the bill to see if there are enough votes to pass it, according to a source familiar with the planning who wasn't authorized to speak publicly.
The restaurant and hard-hit business grant funding would be offset by “all funds rescinded, seized, reclaimed, or otherwise returned” from various programs in prior pandemic relief laws. It was not immediately clear if that would score as a full or partial offset for the $55 billion in total funding.
Rep. Dean Phillips, D-Minn., said in an interview Friday that he has been working with Speaker Nancy Pelosi, D-Calif., for months to provide additional aid to restaurants and other small businesses that were not able to access previous pandemic relief programs. Speaking a few hours before the bill was released, Phillips said he was hopeful for a vote and that there would be bipartisan support given the measure is offset with recaptured fraudulent awards.
“We under-appropriated to begin with,” Phillips said. “So this is about a make-good and not picking winners and losers. And that notion is picking up some steam, recognizing this is not a prospective COVID relief bill. This is a retrospective make-good.”
- GOP expands House target list; Democrats book airtime for defense.
National Republicans, already bullish about their chances of taking back the House in November, announced an even more aggressive midterm strategy Wednesday and expanded the list of districts they are targeting into deeply Democratic territory.
The announcement, from the National Republican Congressional Committee, came as House Majority PAC, the main super political action committee for House Democrats, announced its first major ad reservations of the cycle, allocating $101.8 million for television and digital advertisements for the campaign's final months.
In keeping with House Democrats’ more conservative campaign strategy so far this cycle, much of that spending will be focused on regions in which Democratic incumbents are seen as vulnerable.
The parallel announcements indicate that both parties are solidifying their game plans as the campaign adopts a faster pace with the near completion of redistricting and the dwindling time to shift voters’ opinions before Election Day.
The House passed a bill to legalize marijuana for the second consecutive Congress, signaling a continued interest by Democrats in overhauling the federal approach to a substance that is legal for medical use in 37 states.
The 220-204 vote on the bill, which would decriminalize the possession and use of marijuana, fell mostly along party lines Friday. Three Republicans voted in favor of the bill, and two Democrats voted against.
When a similar bill passed in 2020, the GOP-controlled Senate declined to take it up, but lawmakers are hopeful that growing public support and a Democratic majority in the chamber could spur action.
“The Senate works with its own schedule,” said Rep. Earl Blumenauer, an Oregon Democrat. “We’ve talked to a number of people in terms of their support for this, but I’ve only been here 20 years, and I do not pretend to understand the ways of the Senate.”
- House readies relief package for restaurants, other industries.
The House might vote next week on a small-business pandemic aid package that would provide $42 billion for additional restaurant relief and $13 billion for other “hard hit” industries.
The Rules Committee is scheduled to meet on the revised bill Tuesday afternoon, which indicates floor action soon after. Democratic leaders are whipping the bill to see if there are enough votes to pass it, according to a source familiar with the planning who wasn't authorized to speak publicly.
The restaurant and hard-hit business grant funding would be offset by “all funds rescinded, seized, reclaimed, or otherwise returned” from various programs in prior pandemic relief laws. It was not immediately clear if that would score as a full or partial offset for the $55 billion in total funding.
Rep. Dean Phillips, D-Minn., said in an interview Friday that he has been working with Speaker Nancy Pelosi, D-Calif., for months to provide additional aid to restaurants and other small businesses that were not able to access previous pandemic relief programs. Speaking a few hours before the bill was released, Phillips said he was hopeful for a vote and that there would be bipartisan support given the measure is offset with recaptured fraudulent awards.
“We under-appropriated to begin with,” Phillips said. “So this is about a make-good and not picking winners and losers. And that notion is picking up some steam, recognizing this is not a prospective COVID relief bill. This is a retrospective make-good.”
- GOP expands House target list; Democrats book airtime for defense.
National Republicans, already bullish about their chances of taking back the House in November, announced an even more aggressive midterm strategy Wednesday and expanded the list of districts they are targeting into deeply Democratic territory.
The announcement, from the National Republican Congressional Committee, came as House Majority PAC, the main super political action committee for House Democrats, announced its first major ad reservations of the cycle, allocating $101.8 million for television and digital advertisements for the campaign's final months.
In keeping with House Democrats’ more conservative campaign strategy so far this cycle, much of that spending will be focused on regions in which Democratic incumbents are seen as vulnerable.
The parallel announcements indicate that both parties are solidifying their game plans as the campaign adopts a faster pace with the near completion of redistricting and the dwindling time to shift voters’ opinions before Election Day.
Friday, April 1, 2022
Links - 4/1
https://ballotpedia.org/Texas_Supreme_Court
https://www.sunset.texas.gov/reviews-and-reports/agencies/texas-water-development-board
https://www.texastribune.org/2022/04/01/texas-teachers-reading-academies/
https://www.texastribune.org/2022/03/30/refuge-texas-rangers-federal-investigation/
https://www.senate.gov/committees/hearings_meetings.htm
https://uscode.house.gov/browse/prelim@title18/part2&edition=prelim
https://rollcall.com/2022/03/31/judge-florida-law-discriminates-against-minority-voters/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyer_Anti-Lynching_Bill
https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/house-bill/55/all-actions
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)