Tuesday, June 10, 2014

Introducing Alexander Fraser Tytler

I stumbled across this skeptic of democracy a few moment ago. He was a Scottish judge (among other things) and lived from 1747 - 1813, which made his a contemporary of the people who wrote our Constitution.

His thoughts mirror those 2305 students will come across in different sections in class, including the introductory slides and those on the Federalist 10.

It's not that he does not like democracy, he just seems to not believe that democracies are really democracies.

Here's a bit from the wikipedia entry on him:

In his Lectures, Tytler displayed a cynical view of democracy in general and representative democracies such as republics in particular. He believed that "a pure democracy is a chimera," and that "All government is essentially of the nature of a monarchy."
In discussing the Athenian democracy, after noting that a great number of the population were actually enslaved, he went on to say, "Nor were the superior classes in the actual enjoyment of a rational liberty and independence. They were perpetually divided into factions, which servilely ranked themselves under the banners of the contending demagogues; and these maintained their influence over their partisans by the most shameful corruption and bribery, of which the means were supplied alone by the plunder of the public money."
Speaking about the measure of freedom enjoyed by the people in a republic or democracy, Tytler wrote, "The people flatter themselves that they have the sovereign power. These are, in fact, words without meaning. It is true they elected governors; but how are these elections brought about? In every instance of election by the mass of a people—through the influence of those governors themselves, and by means the most opposite to a free and disinterested choice, by the basest corruption and bribery. But those governors once selected, where is the boasted freedom of the people? They must submit to their rule and control, with the same abandonment of their natural liberty, the freedom of their will, and the command of their actions, as if they were under the rule of a monarch."

So democracy is an illusion. Skeptics in America likely believe the same, and some of the material we will cover in class may well feed that notion.

Tytler is also argued to have developed his own view of the cyclical nature of history. The introductory slides introduce this idea that was common during the enlightenment.

Here's his take on the process:

The average age of the world's greatest civilizations from the beginning of history has been about 200 years. During those 200 years, these nations always progressed through the following sequence: From bondage to spiritual faith; From spiritual faith to great courage; From courage to liberty; From liberty to abundance; From abundance to selfishness; From selfishness to complacency; From complacency to apathy; From apathy to dependence; From dependence back into bondage.