https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_M._Gomez
https://glsolutions.com/about-us/
https://glsolutions.com/regulatory-agency-software-blog/how-regulatory-agencies-leverage-ai-and-what-s-next/#:~:text=Many%20regulatory%20agencies%20already%20rely,efficiency%20and%20accuracy%20across%20departments.
https://www.squirepattonboggs.com/en/services/key-issues/artificial-intelligence
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Neas
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_J._Donohue
- What is lobbying
- who are the most powerful lobbyists in the United States?
- who are the most powerful people who lobby in the United States?
- What are the weakest interest groups?
Friday, February 28, 2025
Links 2/28/25
Thursday, February 27, 2025
From Inside Higher Education: Trump Is Targeting DEI in Higher Ed. But What Does He Mean?
How does the bureaucracy implement a decision made by the president?
Or any chief executive for that matter.
- Click here for the story.
Early this month, the University of North Carolina system told its component institutions that their general education requirements could no longer mandate that students take courses “related to diversity, equity and inclusion.” System officials further said majors couldn’t require DEI-related courses without university chancellors providing “tailored waivers” granting exceptions.
. . . UNC system general counsel Andrew Tripp explicitly told chancellors in a letter that the change was intended to comply with the president’s Jan. 21 executive order that mandated an end to “illegal DEI” and called for restoring “merit-based opportunity.” Tripp said noncompliance threatened the university’s roughly $1.4 billion in annual federal research funding. The White House Office of Management and Budget had already attempted to pause federal funding nationwide, saying in a since-rescinded memo that it wanted to stop bankrolling DEI and other activities that “may be implicated by the executive orders.”
Yet, despite ordering this far-reaching response to Trump’s directives, Tripp also told the UNC system chancellors that he didn’t know what the order really required. Trump’s order didn’t define DEI; at one point it even called for excising from federal grant procedures “DEI and DEIA principles, under whatever name they may appear.” Nor did Tripp’s memo explain to university leaders what DEI means, much less what a course credit “related to” DEI encompasses.
The string of vague and sometimes seemingly contradictory executive actions has left leaders of federally funded colleges and universities and their employees to wonder: Should they wait for clarification—legal or otherwise—before upending their DEI policies and programs? Or respond like the UNC system and start ditching things that might be perceived as DEI activities?
From the New York Times: Austrian Parties Reach Deal to Form Government Without Far Right
More on proportional representation and party coalitions.
- Click here.
Three mainstream political parties in Austria said on Thursday that they had reached an agreement to form a new government that excludes the far right, ending five months of roller coaster negotiations after an election last fall.
The coalition is set to announce ministerial posts on Friday, but the new chancellor is likely to be Christian Stocker, the head of the People’s Party, the biggest coalition partner.
The new government is set to include left- and right-of-center parties but not the far-right Freedom Party, which finished first in the September vote.
The Freedom Party, which was founded by former Nazi soldiers in the 1950s and had campaigned on promises to deport immigrants and ban political forms of Islam, had been bidding to become the latest in a wave of hard-right parties to take power in Europe.
The mainstream parties had initially refused to work with the Freedom Party and tried to form a government without it, but those talks failed last month. The most conservative of those parties, the People’s Party, then entered negotiations with the Freedom Party over forming a government that would have made Herbert Kickl, the outspoken leader of the far-right party, the chancellor.
But those talks broke down as well, setting the stage for a final effort by the mainstream parties.
On Thursday, the People’s Party, the Austrian Social Democrats and the liberal NEOS party announced the deal to form a coalition and presented a 200-page plan for governing the country for the next four years.
While the main focus of the plan is on the budget and the economy, it also touches on migration reform and proposes a head-scarf ban for young girls, in a nod to the Freedom Party.
The far right has gained popularity since last fall and is now polling at nearly 35 percent. It would most likely end up the big winner if this coalition fails.
- Click here.
Three mainstream political parties in Austria said on Thursday that they had reached an agreement to form a new government that excludes the far right, ending five months of roller coaster negotiations after an election last fall.
The coalition is set to announce ministerial posts on Friday, but the new chancellor is likely to be Christian Stocker, the head of the People’s Party, the biggest coalition partner.
The new government is set to include left- and right-of-center parties but not the far-right Freedom Party, which finished first in the September vote.
The Freedom Party, which was founded by former Nazi soldiers in the 1950s and had campaigned on promises to deport immigrants and ban political forms of Islam, had been bidding to become the latest in a wave of hard-right parties to take power in Europe.
The mainstream parties had initially refused to work with the Freedom Party and tried to form a government without it, but those talks failed last month. The most conservative of those parties, the People’s Party, then entered negotiations with the Freedom Party over forming a government that would have made Herbert Kickl, the outspoken leader of the far-right party, the chancellor.
But those talks broke down as well, setting the stage for a final effort by the mainstream parties.
On Thursday, the People’s Party, the Austrian Social Democrats and the liberal NEOS party announced the deal to form a coalition and presented a 200-page plan for governing the country for the next four years.
While the main focus of the plan is on the budget and the economy, it also touches on migration reform and proposes a head-scarf ban for young girls, in a nod to the Freedom Party.
The far right has gained popularity since last fall and is now polling at nearly 35 percent. It would most likely end up the big winner if this coalition fails.
Wednesday, February 26, 2025
Links - 2/26/25
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lufkin,_Texas
https://capitol.texas.gov/BillLookup/History.aspx?LegSess=84R&Bill=HB2610
https://www.kxan.com/news/education/texas-four-day-school-districts/
https://www.tcta.org/professional-resources/publications/the-classroom-teacher/winter-2022-23/more-texas-districts-shift-schedules-to-four-day-school-weeks
https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/pollok-tx
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollok,_Texas
https://www.texastribune.org/2025/02/24/texas-house-property-tax-cut/
https://www.scotusblog.com/2025/02/ohio-woman-asks-court-to-weigh-in-on-requirements-for-reverse-discrimination-claim/
https://www.brazoriacountyclerktx.gov/home/showpublisheddocument/15265/638146607091870000
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fec3jhPGTwY
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9Dms3YNiixE
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lA8AoDMle0g
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3bqrNTo-dlY
Tuesday, February 25, 2025
Cognitive Biases
What is Cognitive Bias?
A cognitive bias is a systematic pattern of deviation from norm or rationality in judgment. Individuals create their own "subjective reality" from their perception of the input. An individual's construction of reality, not the objective input, may dictate their behavior in the world. Thus, cognitive biases may sometimes lead to perceptual distortion, inaccurate judgment, illogical interpretation, and irrationality.
While cognitive biases may initially appear to be negative, some are adaptive. They may lead to more effective actions in a given context. Furthermore, allowing cognitive biases enables faster decisions which can be desirable when timeliness is more valuable than accuracy, as illustrated in heuristics. Other cognitive biases are a "by-product" of human processing limitations, resulting from a lack of appropriate mental mechanisms (bounded rationality), the impact of an individual's constitution and biological state (see embodied cognition), or simply from a limited capacity for information processing. Research suggests that cognitive biases can make individuals more inclined to endorsing pseudoscientific beliefs by requiring less evidence for claims that confirm their preconceptions. This can potentially distort their perceptions and lead to inaccurate judgments.
List of Cognitive Biases.
Anchoring bias Anchoring (cognitive bias)
Apophenia Apophenia
The tendency to perceive meaningful connections between unrelated things. The following are types of apophenia:
Availability heuristic Availability heuristic
The availability heuristic (also known as the availability bias) is the tendency to overestimate the likelihood of events with greater "availability" in memory, which can be influenced by how recent the memories are or how unusual or emotionally charged they may be. The availability heuristic includes or involves the following:
Confirmation bias: Confirmation bias
Confirmation bias is the tendency to search for, interpret, focus on and remember information in a way that confirms one's preconceptions.
Egocentric bias: Egocentric bias
Egocentric bias is the tendency to rely too heavily on one's own perspective and/or have a different perception of oneself relative to others.
Framing effect: Framing effect (psychology)
The framing effect is the tendency to draw different conclusions from the same information, depending on how that information is presented.
The Political Spectrum
This seems to be a rational way to approach the differences between the "left" and the "right."
Dear ChatGPT: What is ideology?
Ideology is a system of ideas, beliefs, or values that forms the basis of political, economic, or social theory and practice. It is a set of principles or a worldview that explains how society should be organized, what is considered right or wrong, and how power and resources should be distributed.
Ideologies often shape political parties, movements, and policies, influencing people's attitudes and behavior. For example, political ideologies like liberalism, conservatism, socialism, or nationalism offer frameworks for how society should function, guiding decisions on issues like government, economy, and individual rights.
In a broader sense, ideology can also refer to any cohesive set of beliefs that shape how people understand and interact with the world, including those related to religion, culture, or social norms.
More questions to ask:
- What is liberalism / progressivism?
- What is conservatism?
- What is socialism?
- What is nationalism?
About Ad Fontes - to the source - Media
Since I use their media bias chart, it's useful to dig into their methodology. How do they determine if something is on the left or right? And how to they determine the quality of the a media source.
- For a full look at it, click here.
These are the issues used to decide ideology:
Question: which position is left and which position is right?
- Abortion-related policy
- Race-related policy
- Campaign finance
- Climate-related policy
- Criminal justice reform
- Defense/military budget
- Subsidized food and housing
- Gun-related policy
- Higher education policy
- Immigration
- International affairs
- K-12 education policy
- LGBTQ-related policies
- Marijuana policy
- Private/public health care funding
- Regulation of corporations
- Social security
- Tax-related policies
For each of the issues above, we request that each analyst identify their perspective as:
“Decidedly to the left”
“Moderately to the left”
“Centrist or undecided”
“Moderately to the right”
“Decidedly to the right”
Monday, February 24, 2025
- Apple Vows to Build A.I. Servers in Houston and Spend $500 Billion in U.S..
- Hon Hai acquires land in Texas, said to expand AI server production.
- Texas landlords scramble for property tax breaks worth millions as loophole closes: ‘Crazy gold rush’.
- Looking for a $1 million tax break? For a fee, these tiny Texas agencies are willing to help.
- National Turnout Rates 1789-Present.
Sunday, February 23, 2025
Dear ChatGPT: What are the Political Pros and Cons of Social Media?
Social media has had a profound impact on politics, reshaping how political movements, campaigns, and public discourse unfold. While it has opened up new avenues for political engagement and participation, it also presents some significant challenges. Here's a look at the political pros and cons of social media:
Political Pros of Social Media
Increased Political Engagement
- Empowering Citizens: Social media allows individuals to participate in political discussions, campaigns, and activism in ways that were not possible in the past. People can share their opinions, raise awareness, and advocate for causes.
- Grassroots Movements: Social media has been crucial in organizing grassroots movements and protests. Examples like the Arab Spring, #BlackLivesMatter, and #MeToo movements show how social media can amplify marginalized voices and mobilize large groups for social and political change.
Direct Communication with Politicians
- Unfiltered Access: Politicians can communicate directly with the public through social media platforms, bypassing traditional media channels. This direct communication can increase transparency and responsiveness.
- Real-Time Engagement: Social media enables politicians to respond to issues in real time, engage with constituents, and address concerns immediately. This can make them appear more accessible and in touch with the public.
Campaigning and Political Mobilization
- Cost-Effective Campaigning: Political campaigns can use social media to reach large audiences at a fraction of the cost of traditional advertising (e.g., TV, radio). Targeted ads and posts can reach specific demographics, maximizing the efficiency of campaign spending.
- Voter Outreach: Social media is a powerful tool for increasing voter turnout, especially among younger, tech-savvy populations. Candidates can use social media platforms to rally supporters, provide information, and encourage voting.
Promotion of Political Awareness and Education
- Information Sharing: Social media helps spread political news, analysis, and discussions quickly, enabling the public to stay informed about current events, policies, and elections.
- Civic Engagement: Platforms like Twitter, Facebook, and YouTube can promote political literacy by enabling users to access a variety of perspectives, commentaries, and educational content about the political process.
Accountability and Transparency
- Exposing Corruption and Injustice: Social media can shine a light on corruption, human rights abuses, or government overreach by giving people a platform to share information, videos, and evidence. The viral nature of social media can force authorities to address these issues.
- Whistleblower Protection: Social media platforms can serve as a tool for whistleblowers to expose government or corporate misconduct, as seen with various leaks and scandals in recent years.
Political Cons of Social Media
Misinformation and Fake News
- Spread of False Information: Social media has become a hotbed for the spread of misinformation, fake news, and conspiracy theories. False claims can go viral, influencing public opinion, swaying elections, or creating social unrest. The 2016 U.S. Presidential Election and the spread of COVID-19 misinformation are examples where misinformation spread through social media had serious consequences.
- Manipulation: Political actors, both domestic and foreign, can exploit social media platforms to manipulate public opinion, spread propaganda, or disrupt political processes. For example, Russian interference in the 2016 U.S. election involved using social media to promote divisive content and influence voters.
Polarization and Echo Chambers
- Division and Polarization: Social media can amplify political polarization by exposing individuals primarily to content that aligns with their own views. This creates echo chambers where people are less likely to encounter opposing perspectives and may become more entrenched in their beliefs.
- Us vs. Them Mentality: Political debates on social media can become highly polarized, turning into "us vs. them" conflicts. This can lead to a more divisive and hostile political climate, where compromise and dialogue are harder to achieve.
Trolling, Harassment, and Cyberbullying
- Toxic Political Discourse: Political discussions on social media can often devolve into trolling, personal attacks, and harassment. This makes it difficult for people to engage in respectful debate and discourages some from participating in political discourse, especially marginalized groups.
- Silencing Dissent: High levels of harassment and online abuse can intimidate people into silence, particularly women, people of color, and political minorities, thereby stifling the diversity of political voices in online spaces.
Data Privacy and Political Manipulation
- Targeted Manipulation: The use of personal data to target individuals with tailored political ads can manipulate voter behavior. Cambridge Analytica, for instance, exploited Facebook data to target voters with highly personalized political messages, raising concerns about the ethics of political advertising and the potential for exploitation.
- Surveillance and Control: Governments and political parties can use social media data for surveillance, tracking opposition groups, and controlling dissent. In some authoritarian regimes, social media is monitored and censored to suppress opposition and maintain control.
Echoing Extremism and Hate Speech
- Radicalization: Social media platforms have been criticized for allowing extremist groups to recruit and spread their ideology. These platforms can provide a space for far-right, far-left, or terrorist groups to organize and share content, which can lead to radicalization or violent actions.
- Hate Speech: Despite platform guidelines, hate speech and incitement to violence can still thrive on social media. Politicians or groups may use these platforms to spread hate, xenophobia, and racism, which can undermine social cohesion and democracy.
Short-Term Focus and Soundbite Culture
- Superficial Politics: Social media's focus on short, easily digestible content often favors sensationalism and soundbites over nuanced, in-depth political discussion. Complex issues can be oversimplified, leading to shallow political discourse.
- Instant Gratification: Social media encourages a "24-hour news cycle," where politicians and political events are constantly scrutinized and commented on. This can lead to a focus on immediate reactions and controversies rather than long-term solutions and policy discussions.
Conclusion
Social media has dramatically transformed the political landscape by increasing engagement, transparency, and political activism, making it a powerful tool for democratic participation. However, its potential for spreading misinformation, exacerbating polarization, and facilitating manipulation poses serious risks. The challenge lies in harnessing the positive aspects of social media while addressing its negative consequences through regulation, responsible use, and the promotion of digital literacy.
Political Pros of Social Media
Increased Political Engagement
- Empowering Citizens: Social media allows individuals to participate in political discussions, campaigns, and activism in ways that were not possible in the past. People can share their opinions, raise awareness, and advocate for causes.
- Grassroots Movements: Social media has been crucial in organizing grassroots movements and protests. Examples like the Arab Spring, #BlackLivesMatter, and #MeToo movements show how social media can amplify marginalized voices and mobilize large groups for social and political change.
Direct Communication with Politicians
- Unfiltered Access: Politicians can communicate directly with the public through social media platforms, bypassing traditional media channels. This direct communication can increase transparency and responsiveness.
- Real-Time Engagement: Social media enables politicians to respond to issues in real time, engage with constituents, and address concerns immediately. This can make them appear more accessible and in touch with the public.
Campaigning and Political Mobilization
- Cost-Effective Campaigning: Political campaigns can use social media to reach large audiences at a fraction of the cost of traditional advertising (e.g., TV, radio). Targeted ads and posts can reach specific demographics, maximizing the efficiency of campaign spending.
- Voter Outreach: Social media is a powerful tool for increasing voter turnout, especially among younger, tech-savvy populations. Candidates can use social media platforms to rally supporters, provide information, and encourage voting.
Promotion of Political Awareness and Education
- Information Sharing: Social media helps spread political news, analysis, and discussions quickly, enabling the public to stay informed about current events, policies, and elections.
- Civic Engagement: Platforms like Twitter, Facebook, and YouTube can promote political literacy by enabling users to access a variety of perspectives, commentaries, and educational content about the political process.
Accountability and Transparency
- Exposing Corruption and Injustice: Social media can shine a light on corruption, human rights abuses, or government overreach by giving people a platform to share information, videos, and evidence. The viral nature of social media can force authorities to address these issues.
- Whistleblower Protection: Social media platforms can serve as a tool for whistleblowers to expose government or corporate misconduct, as seen with various leaks and scandals in recent years.
Political Cons of Social Media
Misinformation and Fake News
- Spread of False Information: Social media has become a hotbed for the spread of misinformation, fake news, and conspiracy theories. False claims can go viral, influencing public opinion, swaying elections, or creating social unrest. The 2016 U.S. Presidential Election and the spread of COVID-19 misinformation are examples where misinformation spread through social media had serious consequences.
- Manipulation: Political actors, both domestic and foreign, can exploit social media platforms to manipulate public opinion, spread propaganda, or disrupt political processes. For example, Russian interference in the 2016 U.S. election involved using social media to promote divisive content and influence voters.
Polarization and Echo Chambers
- Division and Polarization: Social media can amplify political polarization by exposing individuals primarily to content that aligns with their own views. This creates echo chambers where people are less likely to encounter opposing perspectives and may become more entrenched in their beliefs.
- Us vs. Them Mentality: Political debates on social media can become highly polarized, turning into "us vs. them" conflicts. This can lead to a more divisive and hostile political climate, where compromise and dialogue are harder to achieve.
Trolling, Harassment, and Cyberbullying
- Toxic Political Discourse: Political discussions on social media can often devolve into trolling, personal attacks, and harassment. This makes it difficult for people to engage in respectful debate and discourages some from participating in political discourse, especially marginalized groups.
- Silencing Dissent: High levels of harassment and online abuse can intimidate people into silence, particularly women, people of color, and political minorities, thereby stifling the diversity of political voices in online spaces.
Data Privacy and Political Manipulation
- Targeted Manipulation: The use of personal data to target individuals with tailored political ads can manipulate voter behavior. Cambridge Analytica, for instance, exploited Facebook data to target voters with highly personalized political messages, raising concerns about the ethics of political advertising and the potential for exploitation.
- Surveillance and Control: Governments and political parties can use social media data for surveillance, tracking opposition groups, and controlling dissent. In some authoritarian regimes, social media is monitored and censored to suppress opposition and maintain control.
Echoing Extremism and Hate Speech
- Radicalization: Social media platforms have been criticized for allowing extremist groups to recruit and spread their ideology. These platforms can provide a space for far-right, far-left, or terrorist groups to organize and share content, which can lead to radicalization or violent actions.
- Hate Speech: Despite platform guidelines, hate speech and incitement to violence can still thrive on social media. Politicians or groups may use these platforms to spread hate, xenophobia, and racism, which can undermine social cohesion and democracy.
Short-Term Focus and Soundbite Culture
- Superficial Politics: Social media's focus on short, easily digestible content often favors sensationalism and soundbites over nuanced, in-depth political discussion. Complex issues can be oversimplified, leading to shallow political discourse.
- Instant Gratification: Social media encourages a "24-hour news cycle," where politicians and political events are constantly scrutinized and commented on. This can lead to a focus on immediate reactions and controversies rather than long-term solutions and policy discussions.
Conclusion
Social media has dramatically transformed the political landscape by increasing engagement, transparency, and political activism, making it a powerful tool for democratic participation. However, its potential for spreading misinformation, exacerbating polarization, and facilitating manipulation poses serious risks. The challenge lies in harnessing the positive aspects of social media while addressing its negative consequences through regulation, responsible use, and the promotion of digital literacy.
Elections related legislation introduced so far in the 89th Legislative Session.
Topcs:
Elections--Administration
Elections--Campaign Financing
Elections--Candidates
Elections--Early Voting
Elections--Election Officers
Elections--General
Elections--Initiative, Referendum & Recall
Elections--Judicial
Elections--Political Parties
Elections--Presidential
Elections--Primaries
Elections--Registration & Suffrage
Elections--School District
Elections--Voting Systems
Ask ChatGPT: What groups currently support the Republican and Democratic Parties?
What groups currently support the Republican party?
The Republican Party in the United States is supported by a diverse coalition of groups, each contributing to its broad base. Key supporters include:
Demographic Groups:White Voters: Historically, the Republican Party has garnered strong support from White voters, particularly those without college degrees. In recent elections, this demographic has remained a significant portion of the party's base. Pew Research Center
Evangelical Christians: White evangelical Protestants are among the most loyal supporters of the Republican Party, often aligning with its conservative social policies. Wikipedia
Working-Class Voters: The party has made gains among working-class individuals, including those in rural areas and lower-income brackets, who are attracted to its economic policies and cultural values. Wikipedia
Political Factions:
Faith and Flag Conservatives: This group is highly conservative and religious, emphasizing traditional values and a strong national defense. They make up 23% of the Republican coalition. Pew Research Center
Committed Conservatives: Focused on pro-business policies, international trade, and limited government, this faction comprises 15% of Republicans and Republican leaners. Pew Research Center
Populist Right: Characterized by anti-immigrant sentiments and skepticism toward big businesses, this group also represents 23% of the Republican coalition. Pew Research Center
Interest Groups and Organizations:
Business and Industry Associations: The Republican Party traditionally receives substantial support from business groups advocating for free-market policies, lower taxes, and deregulation. Wikipedia
Conservative Think Tanks: Organizations such as the Heritage Foundation and the American Enterprise Institute play a significant role in shaping policy discussions and supporting Republican candidates. Wikipedia
Religious Organizations: Various religious groups, particularly evangelical Christian organizations, provide strong backing for the party's social policies. Wikipedia
This coalition reflects the Republican Party's broad base, encompassing a range of demographics, political factions, and interest groups united by shared values and policy preferences.
What groups currently support the Democratic party?
The Democratic Party in the United States is supported by a diverse coalition of groups, each contributing to its broad base. Key supporters include:
Demographic Groups:African Americans: Historically, African Americans have been a cornerstone of the Democratic Party, consistently voting between 85% and 95% Democratic since the 1960s. Wikipedia
Hispanic Americans: Hispanic voters have traditionally leaned Democratic, though recent trends indicate a narrowing of the party's lead among this group. Gallup News
Asian Americans: Asian American communities, including Buddhists and Hindus, have shown strong support for Democratic candidates. For instance, in the 2020 presidential election, 73% of Buddhist voters and 77% of Hindu voters supported Joe Biden. Wikipedia
Young Voters: Americans aged 18 to 29 have tended to vote mainly for Democratic candidates in recent years, particularly those under the age of 30. Statista
Women: The Democratic Party has garnered stronger support among women than among men, with unmarried and divorced women more likely to vote for Democrats. Wikipedia
LGBTQ+ Individuals: The Democratic Party has strong support among LGBTQ+ voters, with 86% supporting Kamala Harris in the 2024 presidential election. Wikipedia
Religious Groups:
Non-Religious Individuals: The Democratic Party receives strong support from non-religious voters, including atheists and agnostics. Wikipedia
Jewish Americans: Jewish Americans have historically leaned Democratic, contributing to the party's diverse base. Wikipedia
Geographic and Socioeconomic Factors:
Urban Residents: The Democratic Party's support is strongly positively correlated with increased population density, with higher support in urban areas compared to suburban and rural regions. Wikipedia
College Graduates: Individuals with higher levels of education, particularly college graduates, are more likely to support the Democratic Party. Wikipedia
This coalition reflects the Democratic Party's broad base, encompassing a range of demographics united by shared values and policy preferences.
Week 7 . . .
Right to Information
- For ChatGPT:
- - Is there a right to gather information?
- - Is there a right to distribute information?
- - Is there a right to receive information?
Ad Fontes Media Chart
- Click here.
Jefferson v Hamilton
- National Gazette.
- Gazette of the United States.
Jefferson v Hamilton
- Federalists
- Democrat - Republicans
Party Eras
Parties as coalitions
- The Two Party System
- Party Federalism
- Winner Take All Elections.
- Proportional Representation.
- Democratic Coalition.
- Republican Coalition.
Three Faces of Political Parties
- organizations
- in the electorate
- in the government
From Jeremy Wallace, Texas politics reporter - Houston Chronicle
From my GOVT 2306 classes, read throug this. Let's talk about it in class.
There's a political logjam in Texas that's preventing ambitious Republicans from moving into more prominent roles.
Gov. Greg Abbott, Lt. Gov. Dan Patrick, Attorney General Ken Paxton, Agriculture Commissioner Sid Miller and State Comptroller Glenn Hegar are all in their third terms, free of term limits and showing no public signs of moving on.
Add in two U.S. Senators who have been locked in for even longer, and you can see how other potential Republican statewide candidates have been mostly in a sustained holding pattern.
Some are starting to show their restlessness. Although Hegar hasn’t given any indication he is going anywhere, former state Sen. Don Huffines, a Dallas Republican, has been doing some polling to see how he might match up against him in a primary in 2026 or in an open field if Hegar doesn’t seek another four-year term.
Huffines didn’t have much to say about the polling when I talked to him this week, but he did tell me he’s keeping his options open for 2026.
Huffines, of course, already knows a thing or two about running statewide. In 2022, he spent more than $14 million against Abbott in a GOP primary but won just 12% of the vote.
In the poll, Huffines asked Republican voters about who they would choose in a match-up between him and Hegar in a race for state comptroller. In another series of questions, he asked voters their opinions on other Republicans who might run for comptroller if Hegar weren’t running. Some of the names he tested: state Sens. Kelly Hancock of Tarrant County and Paul Bettencourt of Houston and Texas Railroad Commissioner Christi Craddick, a Midland native.
To be clear, none of those Republicans have given any public hints about running for the office. And in Hegar’s case, he’s sitting on $10 million in his campaign account for another potential run.
Another position that could open up is attorney general. Paxton has said he is looking into running against Cornyn in a 2026 GOP primary, which would open his seat up for competition.
Meanwhile, Abbott and Patrick have already said they are seeking reelection, leaving any Republican eyeing those posts with the options of waiting it out or taking on an incumbent with a large financial war chest.
The lack of movement at the top of the ballot for all the statewide offices over the last decade has been a little unusual for Texas, said University of Houston political science professor Brandon Rottinghaus. Through most of the state’s history, there has been a lot of churn at the top of state government.
But two key things have changed that. From the 1970s to the 1990s, Democrats and Republicans were knocking each other out of office regularly. But since the mid-1990s, Democrats haven’t been able to win any statewide offices, meaning the biggest threat for Republicans have been the primaries.
Second, the governor's office has been transformed over the years in a way that's created a logjam at the very top of the state government. It was in the 1970s when Texas shifted from two-year terms to four-year terms for governor. And more recently, Gov. Rick Perry helped consolidate power and make the office more appealing to hold onto. Before Perry took office in 2000, no Texas governor ever served eight consecutive years. But Perry served 14 years, becoming the longest serving governor in Texas history. Abbott, who succeeded him in 2014 has already become the second longest serving and if he wins again in 2026, will be on course to surpass Perry’s tenure.
“Perry made the governorship worth having,” said Rottinghaus, who last year published his book “Rick Perry. A Political Life.”
There's a political logjam in Texas that's preventing ambitious Republicans from moving into more prominent roles.
Gov. Greg Abbott, Lt. Gov. Dan Patrick, Attorney General Ken Paxton, Agriculture Commissioner Sid Miller and State Comptroller Glenn Hegar are all in their third terms, free of term limits and showing no public signs of moving on.
Add in two U.S. Senators who have been locked in for even longer, and you can see how other potential Republican statewide candidates have been mostly in a sustained holding pattern.
Some are starting to show their restlessness. Although Hegar hasn’t given any indication he is going anywhere, former state Sen. Don Huffines, a Dallas Republican, has been doing some polling to see how he might match up against him in a primary in 2026 or in an open field if Hegar doesn’t seek another four-year term.
Huffines didn’t have much to say about the polling when I talked to him this week, but he did tell me he’s keeping his options open for 2026.
Huffines, of course, already knows a thing or two about running statewide. In 2022, he spent more than $14 million against Abbott in a GOP primary but won just 12% of the vote.
In the poll, Huffines asked Republican voters about who they would choose in a match-up between him and Hegar in a race for state comptroller. In another series of questions, he asked voters their opinions on other Republicans who might run for comptroller if Hegar weren’t running. Some of the names he tested: state Sens. Kelly Hancock of Tarrant County and Paul Bettencourt of Houston and Texas Railroad Commissioner Christi Craddick, a Midland native.
To be clear, none of those Republicans have given any public hints about running for the office. And in Hegar’s case, he’s sitting on $10 million in his campaign account for another potential run.
Another position that could open up is attorney general. Paxton has said he is looking into running against Cornyn in a 2026 GOP primary, which would open his seat up for competition.
Meanwhile, Abbott and Patrick have already said they are seeking reelection, leaving any Republican eyeing those posts with the options of waiting it out or taking on an incumbent with a large financial war chest.
The lack of movement at the top of the ballot for all the statewide offices over the last decade has been a little unusual for Texas, said University of Houston political science professor Brandon Rottinghaus. Through most of the state’s history, there has been a lot of churn at the top of state government.
But two key things have changed that. From the 1970s to the 1990s, Democrats and Republicans were knocking each other out of office regularly. But since the mid-1990s, Democrats haven’t been able to win any statewide offices, meaning the biggest threat for Republicans have been the primaries.
Second, the governor's office has been transformed over the years in a way that's created a logjam at the very top of the state government. It was in the 1970s when Texas shifted from two-year terms to four-year terms for governor. And more recently, Gov. Rick Perry helped consolidate power and make the office more appealing to hold onto. Before Perry took office in 2000, no Texas governor ever served eight consecutive years. But Perry served 14 years, becoming the longest serving governor in Texas history. Abbott, who succeeded him in 2014 has already become the second longest serving and if he wins again in 2026, will be on course to surpass Perry’s tenure.
“Perry made the governorship worth having,” said Rottinghaus, who last year published his book “Rick Perry. A Political Life.”
Friday, February 21, 2025
Dear AI Overview
"Agents of chaos" refers to individuals or entities that deliberately create disorder, disruption, or confusion within a system or situation, often with the intention of destabilizing the status quo, sometimes for personal gain or simply to sow chaos for the sake of it; essentially, people who actively cause mayhem or unrest.
Key points about "agents of chaos":
Intentional disruption: They actively work to disrupt existing structures or norms, not just passively observing chaos.
No clear motive: While sometimes their actions may be driven by a desire for change, often their motivations are unclear or simply to create chaos for its own sake.
Figurative usage: The term is often used figuratively in popular culture to describe individuals who deliberately stir up controversy or spread misinformation online.
Example usage:
"Some people consider Elon Musk to be an 'agent of chaos' because of his frequent provocative tweets and unpredictable business ventures."
"The political group spread false rumors online, acting as agents of chaos to undermine the upcoming election."
Key points about "agents of chaos":
Intentional disruption: They actively work to disrupt existing structures or norms, not just passively observing chaos.
No clear motive: While sometimes their actions may be driven by a desire for change, often their motivations are unclear or simply to create chaos for its own sake.
Figurative usage: The term is often used figuratively in popular culture to describe individuals who deliberately stir up controversy or spread misinformation online.
Example usage:
"Some people consider Elon Musk to be an 'agent of chaos' because of his frequent provocative tweets and unpredictable business ventures."
"The political group spread false rumors online, acting as agents of chaos to undermine the upcoming election."
. . . I have already intimated to you the danger of parties in the state, with particular reference to the founding of them on geographical discriminations. Let me now take a more comprehensive view, and warn you in the most solemn manner against the baneful effects of the spirit of party, generally.
This spirit, unfortunately, is inseparable from our nature, having its root in the strongest passions of the human mind. It exists under different shapes in all governments, more or less stifled, controlled, or repressed; but, in those of the popular form, it is seen in its greatest rankness, and is truly their worst enemy.
The alternate domination of one faction over another, sharpened by the spirit of revenge, natural to party dissension, which in different ages and countries has perpetrated the most horrid enormities, is itself a frightful despotism. But this leads at length to a more formal and permanent despotism. The disorders and miseries, which result, gradually incline the minds of men to seek security and repose in the absolute power of an individual; and sooner or later the chief of some prevailing faction, more able or more fortunate than his competitors, turns this disposition to the purposes of his own elevation, on the ruins of Public Liberty.
Without looking forward to an extremity of this kind, (which nevertheless ought not to be entirely out of sight,) the common and continual mischiefs of the spirit of party are sufficient to make it the interest and duty of a wise people to discourage and restrain it.
It serves always to distract the Public Councils, and enfeeble the Public Administration. It agitates the Community with ill-founded jealousies and false alarms; kindles the animosity of one part against another, foments occasionally riot and insurrection. It opens the door to foreign influence and corruption, which find a facilitated access to the government itself through the channels of party passions. Thus the policy and the will of one country are subjected to the policy and will of another.
There is an opinion, that parties in free countries are useful checks upon the administration of the Government, and serve to keep alive the spirit of Liberty. This within certain limits is probably true; and in Governments of a Monarchical cast, Patriotism may look with indulgence, if not with favor, upon the spirit of party. But in those of the popular character, in Governments purely elective, it is a spirit not to be encouraged. From their natural tendency, it is certain there will always be enough of that spirit for every salutary purpose. And, there being constant danger of excess, the effort ought to be, by force of public opinion, to mitigate and assuage it. A fire not to be quenched, it demands a uniform vigilance to prevent its bursting into a flame, lest, instead of warming, it should consume.
This spirit, unfortunately, is inseparable from our nature, having its root in the strongest passions of the human mind. It exists under different shapes in all governments, more or less stifled, controlled, or repressed; but, in those of the popular form, it is seen in its greatest rankness, and is truly their worst enemy.
The alternate domination of one faction over another, sharpened by the spirit of revenge, natural to party dissension, which in different ages and countries has perpetrated the most horrid enormities, is itself a frightful despotism. But this leads at length to a more formal and permanent despotism. The disorders and miseries, which result, gradually incline the minds of men to seek security and repose in the absolute power of an individual; and sooner or later the chief of some prevailing faction, more able or more fortunate than his competitors, turns this disposition to the purposes of his own elevation, on the ruins of Public Liberty.
Without looking forward to an extremity of this kind, (which nevertheless ought not to be entirely out of sight,) the common and continual mischiefs of the spirit of party are sufficient to make it the interest and duty of a wise people to discourage and restrain it.
It serves always to distract the Public Councils, and enfeeble the Public Administration. It agitates the Community with ill-founded jealousies and false alarms; kindles the animosity of one part against another, foments occasionally riot and insurrection. It opens the door to foreign influence and corruption, which find a facilitated access to the government itself through the channels of party passions. Thus the policy and the will of one country are subjected to the policy and will of another.
There is an opinion, that parties in free countries are useful checks upon the administration of the Government, and serve to keep alive the spirit of Liberty. This within certain limits is probably true; and in Governments of a Monarchical cast, Patriotism may look with indulgence, if not with favor, upon the spirit of party. But in those of the popular character, in Governments purely elective, it is a spirit not to be encouraged. From their natural tendency, it is certain there will always be enough of that spirit for every salutary purpose. And, there being constant danger of excess, the effort ought to be, by force of public opinion, to mitigate and assuage it. A fire not to be quenched, it demands a uniform vigilance to prevent its bursting into a flame, lest, instead of warming, it should consume.
Links 2/21/25
https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2025/02/06/what-the-data-says-about-us-foreign-aid/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Cincinnati
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cincinnati
https://adfontesmedia.com/
https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/bane
what is an agent of chaos?
Wednesday, February 19, 2025
Links - 2/20/25
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mormonism_and_violence
https://magazine.engr.utexas.edu/2024/wtf-is-quantum
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triangle_Shirtwaist_Factory_fire
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_of_Merchant_Adventurers_of_London
https://adg.org/
https://www.populationpyramid.net/united-states-of-america/2020/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrastructure
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_martyrs
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transylvania_Colony
Fire Codes
In honor of our fire alarm going off today:
- Pearland Code of Ordinances: Fire Code.
- Texas State Law Library: Fire Codes.
- National Fire Protection Association: Codes and Standards.
From the Danbury Baptist Association to Thomas Jefferson:
. . . Our Sentiments are uniformly on the side of Religious Liberty—That Religion is at all times and places a Matter between God and Individuals—That no man aught to suffer in Name, person or effects on account of his religious Opinions—That the legetimate Power of civil Goverment extends no further than to punish the man who works ill to his neighbour: But Sir, our constitution of goverment is not specific. Our antient charter, together with the Laws made coincident therewith, were adopted as the Basis of our goverment, At the time of our revolution; and such had been our Laws & usages, & such still are; that religion is consider’d as the first object of Legislation; & therefore what religious privileges we enjoy (as a minor part of the State) we enjoy as favors granted, and not as inalienable rights: and these favors we receive at the expence of such degrading acknowledgements as are inconsistant with the rights of freemen. It is not to be wondred at therefore; if those, who seek after power & gain under the pretence of goverment & Religion should reproach their fellow men—should reproach their chief Magistrate, as an enemy of religion Law & good order because he will not, dares not assume the prerogative of Jehovah and make Laws to govern the Kingdom of Christ.
From Jefferson to the Danbury Baptist Association:
. . . Believing with you that religion is a matter which lies solely between Man & his God, that he owes account to none other for his faith or his worship, that the legitimate powers of government reach actions only, & not opinions, I contemplate with sovereign reverence that act of the whole American people which declared that their legislature should “make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof,” thus building a wall of separation between Church & State. adhering to this expression of the supreme will of the nation in behalf of the rights of conscience, I shall see with sincere satisfaction the progress of those sentiments which tend to restore to man all his natural rights, convinced he has no natural right in opposition to his social duties.
. . . Our Sentiments are uniformly on the side of Religious Liberty—That Religion is at all times and places a Matter between God and Individuals—That no man aught to suffer in Name, person or effects on account of his religious Opinions—That the legetimate Power of civil Goverment extends no further than to punish the man who works ill to his neighbour: But Sir, our constitution of goverment is not specific. Our antient charter, together with the Laws made coincident therewith, were adopted as the Basis of our goverment, At the time of our revolution; and such had been our Laws & usages, & such still are; that religion is consider’d as the first object of Legislation; & therefore what religious privileges we enjoy (as a minor part of the State) we enjoy as favors granted, and not as inalienable rights: and these favors we receive at the expence of such degrading acknowledgements as are inconsistant with the rights of freemen. It is not to be wondred at therefore; if those, who seek after power & gain under the pretence of goverment & Religion should reproach their fellow men—should reproach their chief Magistrate, as an enemy of religion Law & good order because he will not, dares not assume the prerogative of Jehovah and make Laws to govern the Kingdom of Christ.
From Jefferson to the Danbury Baptist Association:
. . . Believing with you that religion is a matter which lies solely between Man & his God, that he owes account to none other for his faith or his worship, that the legitimate powers of government reach actions only, & not opinions, I contemplate with sovereign reverence that act of the whole American people which declared that their legislature should “make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof,” thus building a wall of separation between Church & State. adhering to this expression of the supreme will of the nation in behalf of the rights of conscience, I shall see with sincere satisfaction the progress of those sentiments which tend to restore to man all his natural rights, convinced he has no natural right in opposition to his social duties.
Tuesday, February 18, 2025
Some links related to property taxes
For some personal research - but I'm willing to share
:)
- Texas Republicans want more property tax cuts. Here’s how they may do it.
- Why tax policy experts fear the Texas House plan to lower property taxes could have dire ripple effects.
- The Great Texas Property Tax Debacle.
- Texas Republicans have tried to rein in property taxes for five years. Has it worked?.
- TPR: The Growing Movement to Eliminate Property Taxes: Will Texas Join the Tax Revolt?.
- As Property Tax Bills Rise, States Look for Long-Term Solutions.
- The Practical Realities of Property Tax Reforms.
- Some States Are Looking to Abolish Property Taxes Entirely.
- The Tax Everyone Loves to Hate: Principles of Property Tax Reform .
- The Permanent Tax Revolt: How the Property Tax Transformed American Politics.
- The (Long, Long) History of the Texas Property Tax.
- Overview of Local Taxes in Texas.
- To What Extent Does Your State Rely on Property Taxes?
- History of Property Taxes in the United States.
Dear ChatGPT: What are the pros and cons of political freedom?
Political freedom, while widely regarded as a key element of democracy and individual rights, comes with both benefits and challenges. Here are some of the pros and cons:
Pros of Political Freedom:
- Protection of Individual Rights: Political freedom guarantees basic human rights such as freedom of speech, assembly, and the press, allowing individuals to express themselves and participate in decisions affecting their lives.
- Promotion of Democracy: Political freedom enables democratic processes such as free and fair elections. This ensures that government policies reflect the will of the people, leading to better representation.
- Encouragement of Innovation and Change: When people are free to voice their opinions and challenge existing norms, it fosters creativity, innovation, and social progress. Diverse ideas can be debated and lead to positive societal shifts.
- Accountability of Government: With political freedom, governments are held accountable for their actions. Transparency and public scrutiny help prevent corruption and abuses of power.
- Increased Social Stability: When people have the right to express grievances and engage in peaceful protest, it can help prevent violent uprisings and social unrest. Political freedom allows for the peaceful resolution of conflicts through dialogue.
- Cultural and Social Flourishing: Free societies often have vibrant cultural, artistic, and intellectual landscapes where people are free to express diverse beliefs and lifestyles, enriching society as a whole.
Cons of Political Freedom:
- Potential for Political Instability: Political freedom can lead to division and conflict, especially in deeply polarized societies. Diverse opinions may clash, leading to protests, demonstrations, or even violence.
- Spread of Misinformation: In societies with unrestricted political freedom, misinformation, conspiracy theories, or harmful ideologies may spread easily, especially through social media and other channels.
- Challenges in Decision-Making: In a politically free environment, where there are multiple voices and opinions, decision-making can be slow or gridlocked. Differing political views might prevent consensus, delaying essential reforms or actions.
- Risk of Radicalization: Political freedom allows for the expression of extreme or radical ideas. While this is part of free speech, it can sometimes give a platform to harmful ideologies or movements that may threaten public safety or social cohesion.
- Tensions Between Majority and Minority: In a free political system, the majority may dominate decision-making processes, sometimes overlooking or suppressing the rights and interests of minority groups.
- Exploitation by Special Interests: Political freedom can sometimes lead to disproportionate influence by powerful groups or individuals with financial resources. Lobbying, corporate influence, and media manipulation can skew political processes, undermining fairness and equality.
In Summary:
Political freedom promotes democracy, individual rights, and societal growth but can also create challenges related to instability, misinformation, and power imbalances. The key is finding a balance where freedoms are protected without letting them be misused in ways that harm the broader society.
Pros of Political Freedom:
- Protection of Individual Rights: Political freedom guarantees basic human rights such as freedom of speech, assembly, and the press, allowing individuals to express themselves and participate in decisions affecting their lives.
- Promotion of Democracy: Political freedom enables democratic processes such as free and fair elections. This ensures that government policies reflect the will of the people, leading to better representation.
- Encouragement of Innovation and Change: When people are free to voice their opinions and challenge existing norms, it fosters creativity, innovation, and social progress. Diverse ideas can be debated and lead to positive societal shifts.
- Accountability of Government: With political freedom, governments are held accountable for their actions. Transparency and public scrutiny help prevent corruption and abuses of power.
- Increased Social Stability: When people have the right to express grievances and engage in peaceful protest, it can help prevent violent uprisings and social unrest. Political freedom allows for the peaceful resolution of conflicts through dialogue.
- Cultural and Social Flourishing: Free societies often have vibrant cultural, artistic, and intellectual landscapes where people are free to express diverse beliefs and lifestyles, enriching society as a whole.
Cons of Political Freedom:
- Potential for Political Instability: Political freedom can lead to division and conflict, especially in deeply polarized societies. Diverse opinions may clash, leading to protests, demonstrations, or even violence.
- Spread of Misinformation: In societies with unrestricted political freedom, misinformation, conspiracy theories, or harmful ideologies may spread easily, especially through social media and other channels.
- Challenges in Decision-Making: In a politically free environment, where there are multiple voices and opinions, decision-making can be slow or gridlocked. Differing political views might prevent consensus, delaying essential reforms or actions.
- Risk of Radicalization: Political freedom allows for the expression of extreme or radical ideas. While this is part of free speech, it can sometimes give a platform to harmful ideologies or movements that may threaten public safety or social cohesion.
- Tensions Between Majority and Minority: In a free political system, the majority may dominate decision-making processes, sometimes overlooking or suppressing the rights and interests of minority groups.
- Exploitation by Special Interests: Political freedom can sometimes lead to disproportionate influence by powerful groups or individuals with financial resources. Lobbying, corporate influence, and media manipulation can skew political processes, undermining fairness and equality.
In Summary:
Political freedom promotes democracy, individual rights, and societal growth but can also create challenges related to instability, misinformation, and power imbalances. The key is finding a balance where freedoms are protected without letting them be misused in ways that harm the broader society.
Monday, February 17, 2025
Ask ChatGPT: Was Shays Rebellion an Example of Mob Rule?
Shays' Rebellion, which took place in 1786–1787 in Massachusetts, is often debated in terms of whether it was an example of "mob rule." On one hand, it involved a group of farmers, many of whom were struggling with debt and economic hardship, rising up against state authorities, including tax collectors and courts. The protesters were led by Daniel Shays, a former Revolutionary War soldier, and their actions included seizing arms and attempting to shut down court proceedings.
Some argue that it was an example of mob rule, as it involved direct action by a frustrated populace acting outside the framework of the law. The insurgents were often described as rebellious or unruly, and they resorted to violent actions to press their grievances.
However, others view Shays' Rebellion more as a legitimate protest against what many saw as an unjust economic system. The rebellion highlighted the struggles of rural farmers and their opposition to the heavy taxation and debt they faced, which they believed the state government was ignoring. In this sense, the rebellion can be seen as a protest against government overreach and an attempt to address real grievances, rather than an example of mindless mob violence.
Ultimately, Shays' Rebellion was a catalyst for calls for a stronger central government, as it exposed weaknesses in the Articles of Confederation and the inability of the federal government to maintain order. So, while it had elements of mob action, it was also an important political event that influenced the drafting of the U.S. Constitution.
For More Ask: What are good examples of mob rule in the United States?
Week 6 . . .
Main points from fed 10
Decentralization and Centralization
- problem of majority rule
- - tyranny of the majority
- mob rule
- - examples
- indirect democracy
- - eletions
- - rule of the few
- federalism
- - greater diversity
- wedge issues
- - Immigration May Become Most Important Wedge Issue in Election, CSUN Profs Say.
ongoing problems
- Political Entrepreneurs, Collective Action, the Free Rider Problem and Selective Incentives.
- factions (interest groups) vs parties
- Washington's Address.
- Winner Take All elections
- Development and evolution of political parties
- - party eras.
- - party coalitions.
- party polarization.
- - What made the 91st Congress so cooperative?
Wednesday, February 12, 2025
Monday, February 10, 2025
Ask ChatGPT:
- which crimes were established in British common law?
- can a misdemeanor be removed from your record?
- what rights do felons lose in Texas?
- what is politics?
- does civil discourse make it difficult to win elections?
unconstitutionally vague
https://capitol.texas.gov/tlodocs/89R/analysis/html/SB00002I.htm
https://uscode.house.gov/browse/prelim@title52&edition=prelim
https://www.sos.state.tx.us/elections/voter/important-election-dates.shtml#2025
https://www.brazoriacountyclerktx.gov/home/showpublisheddocument/21889/638536935889000000
unabomber drawing
https://codes.findlaw.com/tx/election-code/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilgrimage_of_Grace
https://ultra.fandom.com/wiki/Ultraman_(character)
https://tlc.texas.gov/docs/legref/legislativeprocess.pdf
https://capitol.texas.gov/tlodocs/89R/witlistbill/html/SB00002S.htm
https://www.nytimes.com/2025/02/10/us/politics/trump-third-term.html
https://www.nytimes.com/2025/02/10/us/politics/trump-constitutional-crisis.html
https://www.nytimes.com/2025/02/09/us/trump-lawsuits-executive-orders.html
- which crimes were established in British common law?
- can a misdemeanor be removed from your record?
- what rights do felons lose in Texas?
- what is politics?
- does civil discourse make it difficult to win elections?
unconstitutionally vague
https://capitol.texas.gov/tlodocs/89R/analysis/html/SB00002I.htm
https://uscode.house.gov/browse/prelim@title52&edition=prelim
https://www.sos.state.tx.us/elections/voter/important-election-dates.shtml#2025
https://www.brazoriacountyclerktx.gov/home/showpublisheddocument/21889/638536935889000000
unabomber drawing
https://codes.findlaw.com/tx/election-code/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilgrimage_of_Grace
https://ultra.fandom.com/wiki/Ultraman_(character)
https://tlc.texas.gov/docs/legref/legislativeprocess.pdf
https://capitol.texas.gov/tlodocs/89R/witlistbill/html/SB00002S.htm
https://www.nytimes.com/2025/02/10/us/politics/trump-third-term.html
https://www.nytimes.com/2025/02/10/us/politics/trump-constitutional-crisis.html
https://www.nytimes.com/2025/02/09/us/trump-lawsuits-executive-orders.html
Sunday, February 9, 2025
From the Office of the Lieutenant Governor: Priority Bills.
For Discussion:
- Click here for the statement.
Lt. Gov. Patrick’s Priority Bills:
Senate Bill 1 – Senate’s Budget for Texas
Senate Bill 2 – Providing School Choice
Senate Bill 3 – Banning THC in Texas
Senate Bill 4 – Increasing the Homestead Exemption to $140,000 ($150,000 for seniors)
Senate Bill 5 – Combatting Alzheimer’s – Establishing DPRIT (Dementia Prevention & Research Institute of Texas)
Senate Bill 6 – Increasing Texas’ Electric Grid Reliability
Senate Bill 7 – Increasing Investments in Texas’ Water Supply
Senate Bill 8 – Requiring Local Law Enforcement to Assist the Federal Government’s Deportation Efforts
Senate Bill 9 – Reforming Bail – Keeping Violent Criminals Off Our Streets
Senate Bill 10 – Placing the Ten Commandments in School
Senate Bill 11 – Protecting the Freedom to Pray in School
Senate Bill 12 – Establishing a Parental Bill of Rights in Public Education
Senate Bill 13 – Guarding Against Inappropriate Books in Public Schools
Senate Bill 14 – Texas DOGE – Improving Government Efficiency
Senate Bill 15 – Removing Barriers to Affordable Housing
Senate Bill 16 – Stopping Non-Citizens from Voting
Senate Bill 17 – Stopping Foreign Adversaries’ Land Grabs
Senate Bill 18 – Stopping Drag Time Story Hour
Senate Bill 19 – Stopping Taxpayer Dollars for Lobbyists
Senate Bill 20 – Stopping AI Child Pornography
Senate Bill 21 – Establishing the Texas Bitcoin Reserve
Senate Bill 22 – Establishing Texas as America’s Film Capital
Senate Bill 23 – Removing the Cap on the Rainy Day Fund to Secure Texas’ Long-term Financial Future
Senate Bill 24 – Educating Texas Students on the Horrors of Communism
Senate Bill 25 – Making Texas Healthy Again
Senate Priority Bills 26 through 40 … coming soon.
- Filed Senate Bills.
Catching up with the Texas Legislature
- Texas lawmakers may ban certain lessons at state colleges under expanded DEI crackdown.
- Texas bill that lets families use tax dollars for private schools swiftly sails through Senate.
- Texas’ social media law takes another hit with temporary blocks on three more provisions.
Let's discuss these using terminology we've learned in class.
Week 5 . . .
For 2306:
- Criminal Justice
- Local governments
For both 2305 and 2306:
What is Politics?
The Political Institutions
- Political Parties
- Interest Groups
- The Press
The First Amendment
- Speech
- Press
- Peaceful Assembly
- Petition
Civil Discourse
Federalist 10
Elections
Friday, February 7, 2025
From the NYT: A judge says he will freeze elements of Trump’s plan to shut down U.S.A.I.D.
Checking and balancing:
- Click here.
A federal judge on Friday said he would order the Trump administration to halt for now some elements of its attempt to shut down the United States Agency for International Development.
He was ruling on a lawsuit filed by the largest union representing federal workers and the union that represents foreign service officers. Judge Nichols said the unions had “established irreparable harm” to the employees affected by the leave and withdrawal orders.
Saying that the ordered pause would be a brief one, Judge Nichols said it would allow for further, “expedited” arguments to determine the legality of the administration’s actions, but did not immediately schedule another hearing. He added that he was still considering how to address whether to reverse an action that had placed 500 agency employees on administrative leave.
His order was the latest action by a court to slow or limit President Trump’s agenda, following rulings that blocked for now Mr. Trump’s moves to freeze federal spending and overturn birthright citizenship. The cases are part of a sprawling legal battle over Mr. Trump’s efforts to expand presidential authority in ways that Democrats call unconstitutional.
Written assignments to come:
I'm still working on these:
Week 5 written assignments
GOVT 2305
- Which of the of these proposals can the president actually accomplish? Which can he not? Explain.
GOVT 2306
- Which of the governors emergency items are likely to be passed? Which are not? Explain.
Week 5 written assignments
GOVT 2305
- Which of the of these proposals can the president actually accomplish? Which can he not? Explain.
GOVT 2306
- Which of the governors emergency items are likely to be passed? Which are not? Explain.
What is Civil Discourse?
From ChatGPT:
Key features of civil discourse include:
- Respectful language: Avoiding personal attacks or inflammatory remarks.
- Active listening: Trying to understand the other person's point of view.
- Reasoned argument: Presenting one's ideas with logic and evidence, rather than emotional outbursts.
- Openness to differing opinions: Recognizing that it's okay to disagree and that multiple viewpoints can coexist.
- Seeking common ground: Striving for solutions or understandings that can benefit everyone involved.
In essence, civil discourse is about engaging in dialogue that fosters mutual respect, even in the midst of disagreement.
From AI overview:
Key points about civil discourse:
- Respectful communication: This includes using polite language, avoiding insults, and acknowledging the other person's perspective, even if you disagree.
- Focus on issues, not people: The debate should center around the topic at hand, not personal attacks against the other person.
- Active listening: Pay close attention to what the other person is saying and try to understand their reasoning.
- Evidence-based arguments: Support your claims with facts and data to strengthen your position.
- Open-mindedness: Be willing to consider different viewpoints and potentially change your own opinion based on new information.
Why is civil discourse important?
- Promotes understanding: By engaging in civil discourse, individuals can gain a deeper understanding of different perspectives, even when they disagree.
- Encourages collaboration: A respectful dialogue can help people find common ground and work together to solve problems.
- Strengthens democracy: Civil discourse is crucial for healthy public debate and informed decision-making in a democratic society.
From Wikipedia:
Civil discourse is the practice of deliberating about matters of public concern in a way that seeks to expand knowledge and promote understanding. The word "civil" relates directly to civic in the sense of being oriented toward public life, and less directly to civility, in the sense of mere politeness. Discourse is defined as the use of written or spoken communications, similar to having a conversation. Civil discourse includes the practice of deliberating about things that are of concern to society in a way that seeks to help all participants understand each other. It is an essential part of democratic citizenship and is thus a fundamental aspect of freedom of speech.
Just for fun:
Dear ChatGPT: What is uncivil discourse?
Uncivil discourse refers to conversations or debates where participants engage in disrespectful, hostile, or aggressive behavior rather than engaging in thoughtful, respectful exchanges of ideas. This can include things like name-calling, personal attacks, insults, shouting over others, or using inflammatory language to provoke emotional reactions. Rather than focusing on understanding or resolving issues, uncivil discourse tends to derail productive discussion and often creates a more polarized or divisive environment.
Links from 2/7/25
https://www.cityofmanvel.com/209/Police-Department
https://www.brazoriacountytx.gov/departments/sheriff-s-office
https://www.brazoriacountytx.gov/departments/district-courts
https://www.brazoriacountytx.gov/departments/district-attorney
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_person
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juridical_person
https://www.uscourts.gov/about-federal-courts/educational-resources/about-educational-outreach/activity-resources/what-does-free-speech-mean
Thursday, February 6, 2025
From the New York Times: All of the Trump Administration’s Major Moves in the First 17 Days
I'm still trying to figure out how best to outline the many moves made by the Trump Administration.
This should help.
- Click here for it.
Wednesday, February 5, 2025
From Lawfare: Are Domestic Drone Shoot-Downs Lawful?
This question involves the relationship between the three levels of government. It begins:
There are significant gaps in federal, state, and local governments’ authorities to intercept drones, though some fixes are on the table.
- Click here for the article.
. . . drone usage in the United States is only likely to increase in the months and years ahead. As a result, questions about whether and how federal, state, and local authorities can intercept or otherwise immobilize such drones are likely to persist.
What authorities to immobilize drones do U.S. federal, state, and local officials currently have, and—assuming Americans want at least some of those actors to have that authority—where are the gaps?
Links 2/5/25
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_Assistance_Act
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grant_County,_Indiana
https://brazoriacad.org/hospital-district-information/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._R._%22Bob%22_Dobbs
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying_Spaghetti_Monster
Ask ChatGPT
- can a citizen voluntarily give up a right?
- what is a chief executive officer
- is suicide legal
- Had suicide been illegal in the past in the united states?
- Is it legal for officers from Immigration and Customs Enforcement to raid public schools to search for undocumented students?
https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/election-laws
https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2025/02/05/trump-gaza-control-palestinian-displacement-israel/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaza_Strip
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Immigration_and_Customs_Enforcement
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warrantless_searches_in_the_United_States
Google search: public school students detained by ICE
Tuesday, February 4, 2025
Dear ChatGPT: Tell me what I need to know about the civil service.
It's been in the news recently, so what is it?
Dear ChatGPT: What is the civil service?
The civil service refers to the body of government employees who are hired based on merit to implement the policies and services of the government. Civil servants are non-political and typically work for government agencies and departments at the national, regional, or local level.
Key points about the civil service include:
- Merit-based recruitment: Civil servants are usually selected through exams or competitive processes, ensuring that the most qualified individuals are hired.
- Neutrality: Civil servants are expected to be neutral, not influenced by political changes or preferences.
- Public service: The goal of civil service is to serve the public and contribute to the effective functioning of the state.
Different countries have their own structures for civil service, often governed by specific laws or regulations. For example, in the UK, the Civil Service has a Code of Ethics that emphasizes impartiality and professionalism.
Dear ChatGPT: What is the federal civil service of the United States?
The Federal Civil Service of the United States refers to the body of non-elected government employees who work for the federal government. These employees are hired based on their qualifications and merit to implement policies, provide services, and assist in the daily functioning of federal agencies and departments. The system is designed to ensure that government work is carried out efficiently, impartially, and without political interference.
Key Features of the U.S. Federal Civil Service:
1 - Merit-Based System:
- Civil servants are typically hired based on their qualifications, skills, and experience rather than political affiliation.
- The Office of Personnel Management (OPM) plays a central role in setting standards for recruitment, examinations, and qualifications.
2 - Neutrality and Political Independence:
- Federal employees are required to be politically neutral. This means that they cannot engage in partisan political activities while on the job or while representing the government. This helps maintain an unbiased and professional government service.
3 - The Civil Service Reform Act of 1978:
- This act was a significant reform aimed at improving the efficiency and fairness of the federal workforce. It created the Merit Systems Protection Board (MSPB) and the Senior Executive Service (SES), and it emphasized accountability and protection for federal employees from political interference.
4 - Federal Agencies and Departments:
- The federal civil service operates across a wide range of agencies. Some of the major agencies include:
- - Department of Defense (DoD)
- - Department of Health and Human Services (HHS)
- - Department of Justice (DOJ)
- - Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
- - Social Security Administration (SSA)
And many more.
5 - Employment and Benefits:
- Federal employees receive competitive salaries and benefits, including health insurance, retirement plans, and paid leave. Federal service also offers job stability and opportunities for career advancement.
6 - The Competitive Service:
- Most federal employees are part of the competitive service, which means they must apply through competitive exams or processes managed by OPM. These positions are open to anyone who meets the qualifications.
7 - Excepted Service:
- Some positions in the federal government are classified as "excepted" from the competitive service. These are often specialized roles, such as in law enforcement, intelligence, or positions requiring specific expertise, and may have a different hiring process.
8 - Senior Executive Service (SES):
- The SES consists of high-level managers and executives who provide leadership in federal agencies. These employees are hired for their expertise and experience and are expected to lead complex initiatives and programs.
9 - Protecting Federal Employees:
- Federal employees have certain job protections, such as the ability to appeal adverse decisions (like firings or demotions) to the Merit Systems Protection Board. They are also protected against discrimination and whistleblowing.
10 - Diversity and Inclusion:
- The federal government places a strong emphasis on diversity and inclusion within the workforce. Policies are in place to ensure that individuals from various backgrounds, races, genders, and other groups have equal opportunities for employment and career advancement.
The Path to Becoming a Federal Employee:
To become a federal employee, individuals typically apply through USAJOBS.gov, the U.S. government's official job portal. Candidates for federal positions often need to meet specific educational or experience requirements and may have to pass a civil service exam, depending on the role. The process generally includes:
- Posting the Job: The government posts available positions on USAJOBS.gov.
- Application: Candidates submit resumes and other required documentation (e.g., transcripts, certifications).
- Examination: For some roles, candidates may need to take an exam.
- Interview: If qualified, candidates may be invited for an interview.
- Selection and Hiring: After a selection process, candidates are hired for positions.
Notable Aspects:
- Federal Employment in the U.S. is often considered a stable and rewarding career path due to its competitive salary, benefits, and long-term security.
- Political Appointees (like cabinet members, ambassadors, and senior officials) are distinct from civil servants. These are individuals appointed by the president and serve at their discretion. Civil servants, on the other hand, are employed based on their expertise and are protected from political shifts.
Conclusion:
- In short, the U.S. Federal Civil Service is a critical institution that supports the functioning of the federal government, providing essential services and helping to implement policies. Its merit-based structure, job stability, and legal protections make it a highly respected and sought-after component of American governance.
Would you like to dive deeper into any specific aspect of the federal civil service, like how to apply for a job or details on employee protections?
What is the legal difference between a murder and an execution?
Discussed in one of my Monday classes.
Here's what we got from ChatGPT:
Deat ChatGPT: What is the legal definition of murder?
1 - Unlawful Killing: The death of another person that is not legally justified, such as through self-defense or in the course of a lawful act.
2 - Intent or Malice Aforethought:
- Intent: The person intended to cause the death of the victim.
- Recklessness or Depraved Heart: In some cases, even if there was no direct intent to kill, a person can be charged with murder if they acted with extreme recklessness or a disregard for the safety of others (like shooting into a crowd or driving at high speed through a populated area).
- Knowledge: In some legal systems, murder can occur when someone knows that their actions are likely to cause death, and they proceed anyway.
3 - Causation: The defendant's actions must directly lead to the death of the victim. There must be a clear connection between the defendant's actions and the fatal outcome.
Murder can be classified into different degrees, most commonly first-degree murder (which usually involves premeditation or planning) and second-degree murder (where the killing is intentional but not premeditated, or there was extreme recklessness).
It's important to note that in different legal systems, there can be variations in how murder is categorized or defined, and the elements of the crime may vary accordingly.
Dear ChatGPT: What makes an execution by the state legal?
An execution by the state—also known as capital punishment or the death penalty—is considered legal under certain conditions. The specific criteria for a state-sponsored execution vary depending on the country or state, but several general principles typically apply:
1. Legal Authorization: The execution must be authorized by law. In countries or regions that permit capital punishment, the death penalty is outlined in the criminal code or statutes. The law must specifically define which crimes are punishable by death.
2. Conviction for a Capital Crime: The individual must have been convicted of a crime deemed serious enough to warrant the death penalty. In many jurisdictions, this typically includes crimes such as:
- Murder (particularly first-degree or aggravated murder)
- Terrorism (in some countries)
- Espionage or treason (depending on the legal system)
The crime must generally involve aggravating factors (such as premeditation, cruelty, or a particularly heinous nature) that elevate it to the level of a capital offense.
3. Due Process: The defendant must undergo a fair trial where they are provided with an opportunity to defend themselves. This includes:
- Legal representation (e.g., a defense attorney)
- The right to a trial by jury (in many systems)
- The opportunity to appeal the conviction or sentence
If due process is not followed, such as a trial being unfair or biased, an execution may be considered unlawful.
4. Appeals Process: Most legal systems require the defendant to have the right to appeal their conviction and/or sentence before execution can take place. Appeals can be made to higher courts, and often there are multiple stages of review. If any errors are found during the appeals process, the death sentence may be overturned.
5. Sentence Carried Out According to Law: In jurisdictions where the death penalty is legal, the execution must be carried out according to the procedures established by law. This may include methods of execution, like lethal injection, electric chair, or firing squad, depending on the legal system.
6. Proportionality and Limitations: In some countries, there are specific limitations on who can be executed. For example:
- Age: In many jurisdictions, individuals under a certain age at the time of committing the crime (e.g., 18) cannot be executed.
- Mental Competency: In some places, individuals who are deemed mentally incompetent or suffering from severe mental illness cannot be executed.
- International human rights law also places certain restrictions on executions. For example, under the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), executions are prohibited for crimes committed by individuals under 18 or for pregnant women.
7. Jurisprudence or Legal Precedents: In some cases, an execution might also be shaped by legal precedents or interpretations of constitutional protections, such as those against "cruel and unusual punishment." This is a key element in places like the United States, where the Eighth Amendment prohibits excessive or cruel punishment.
In short, for an execution by the state to be considered legal, it must meet the legal standards of the jurisdiction, ensuring that the conviction and the imposition of the death penalty comply with established laws, due process, and protections against unfair treatment.
1. Legal Authorization: The execution must be authorized by law. In countries or regions that permit capital punishment, the death penalty is outlined in the criminal code or statutes. The law must specifically define which crimes are punishable by death.
2. Conviction for a Capital Crime: The individual must have been convicted of a crime deemed serious enough to warrant the death penalty. In many jurisdictions, this typically includes crimes such as:
- Murder (particularly first-degree or aggravated murder)
- Terrorism (in some countries)
- Espionage or treason (depending on the legal system)
The crime must generally involve aggravating factors (such as premeditation, cruelty, or a particularly heinous nature) that elevate it to the level of a capital offense.
3. Due Process: The defendant must undergo a fair trial where they are provided with an opportunity to defend themselves. This includes:
- Legal representation (e.g., a defense attorney)
- The right to a trial by jury (in many systems)
- The opportunity to appeal the conviction or sentence
If due process is not followed, such as a trial being unfair or biased, an execution may be considered unlawful.
4. Appeals Process: Most legal systems require the defendant to have the right to appeal their conviction and/or sentence before execution can take place. Appeals can be made to higher courts, and often there are multiple stages of review. If any errors are found during the appeals process, the death sentence may be overturned.
5. Sentence Carried Out According to Law: In jurisdictions where the death penalty is legal, the execution must be carried out according to the procedures established by law. This may include methods of execution, like lethal injection, electric chair, or firing squad, depending on the legal system.
6. Proportionality and Limitations: In some countries, there are specific limitations on who can be executed. For example:
- Age: In many jurisdictions, individuals under a certain age at the time of committing the crime (e.g., 18) cannot be executed.
- Mental Competency: In some places, individuals who are deemed mentally incompetent or suffering from severe mental illness cannot be executed.
- International human rights law also places certain restrictions on executions. For example, under the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), executions are prohibited for crimes committed by individuals under 18 or for pregnant women.
7. Jurisprudence or Legal Precedents: In some cases, an execution might also be shaped by legal precedents or interpretations of constitutional protections, such as those against "cruel and unusual punishment." This is a key element in places like the United States, where the Eighth Amendment prohibits excessive or cruel punishment.
In short, for an execution by the state to be considered legal, it must meet the legal standards of the jurisdiction, ensuring that the conviction and the imposition of the death penalty comply with established laws, due process, and protections against unfair treatment.
Some links brought up in class on Monday 2/3/25
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Referendum
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_initiative
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_platform
https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/guardian_ad_litem
https://www.childadvocates.org/about-us/what-we-do
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duverger%27s_law
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biennial
https://www.texastribune.org/2025/02/03/texas-voting-countywide-election-day/
https://capitol.texas.gov/BillLookup/History.aspx?LegSess=89R&Bill=SB76
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_counties_in_Texas
wrongful executions in texas
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1120948/
https://www.cbo.gov/
Speech case law
What is the United States Agency for International Development?
It's been in the news recently because of the unconventional ways that Trump is trying to shut it down.
- Trump and Musk move to dismantle USAID, igniting battle with Democratic lawmakers.
More on that later, and whether these acts are constitutional. But what is USAID?
From Wikipedia:
The United States Agency for International Development (USAID) is an independent agency of the United States government that is primarily responsible for administering civilian foreign aid and development assistance. With a budget of over $50 billion, USAID is one of the largest official aid agencies in the world and accounts for more than half of all U.S. foreign assistance – the highest in the world in absolute dollar terms. USAID has missions in over 100 countries, primarily in Africa, Asia, Latin America, the Middle East, and Eastern Europe.
. . . Congress passed the Foreign Assistance Act on September 4, 1961, which reorganized U.S. foreign assistance programs and mandated the creation of an agency to administer economic aid. USAID was subsequently established by the executive order of President John F. Kennedy, who sought to unite several existing foreign assistance organizations and programs under one agency. USAID became the first U.S. foreign assistance organization whose primary focus was long-term socioeconomic development.
Congress authorizes USAID's programs in the Foreign Assistance Act, which Congress supplements through directions in annual funding appropriation acts and other legislation. As an official component of U.S. foreign policy, USAID operates subject to the guidance of the president, secretary of state, and the National Security Council.
. . . USAID's decentralized network of resident field missions is drawn on to manage U.S. government programs in low-income countries for various purposes.
- Disaster relief
- Poverty relief
- Technical cooperation on global issues, including the environment
- U.S. bilateral interests
- Socioeconomic development
__________
From USA Spending: Agency for International Development (USAID).
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)