Tuesday, December 23, 2025

From Texas Redistricting: The current Houston area congressional districts.

These have been replaced, but will be in place until the beginnng of the 120th Congress in January 2027. All this will change soon enough, but it gives up a way to analyze recent 

- Click here for the Texas Redistricting for more.  








- About Congressional Member Profiles.

Follow these links for the legislative history of the representatives in each district: 

2 - Dan Crenshaw.
7 - Lizzie Fletcher.
9 - Al Green.
10 - Michael McCaul.
14 - Randy Weber.
18 - Sylvester Turner.
22 - Troy Nehls.
29 - Sylvia Garcia.
36 - Brian Babin.
38 - Wesley Hunt.


Sunday, December 21, 2025

Some questions related to U.S. health care policy, with special attention give to the Affordable Care Act.

All posed to ChatGPT: 

- Describe the health care system of the United States

- List the legislation that created the American health care system.

What was the purpose of the Affordable Care Act?

Outline the content of the Affordable Care Act.

What constitutional and federalism issues were raised during the debates over the Affordable Care Act?

Outline the various arguments presented in National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius.

What impact has the Affordable Care Act had on health care in the United States?

I'm listing these because the extention of assistance for health insurance premiums has been topic recently. It might be useful to put these in context. I'll add more soon.

From the New York Times: Senate Deadlocks on Health Care, Leaving Subsidies to Expire

For our look at the 119th Congress

- Click here for the article

The Senate on Thursday deadlocked on competing proposals to avert rising health care premiums, blocking Democratic and Republican alternatives in an outcome that made it all but certain that expanded tax subsidies for health coverage under the Affordable Care Act will expire at the end of the month.

Republicans squelched a bid by Democrats, who had demanded action on the issue during the 43-day government shutdown, to extend the insurance subsidies for three years.

Democrats turned back a Republican alternative that would replace the subsidies with an expansion of tax-advantaged health savings accounts and direct payments of up to $1,500 to people who buy the most basic health insurance plans.

Neither proposal could muster the 60 votes necessary to overcome a filibuster and move ahead, a long-expected result that teed up a brutal battle over health care that is likely to shape the fight for control of Congress next year.


The two bills were: 

- S. 3386; A bill to provide a health savings account contribution to certain enrollees, to reduce health care costs, and for other purposes.

- S. 3385; A bill to amend the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 to extend the enhancement of the health care premium tax credit.

Each required 60 votes - a 3/5ths supermajority - in order to avoid a filibuster and be heard on the floor of the Senate. This called cloture. Neither did.

Here are those votes: 

- On the Cloture Motion (Motion to Invoke Cloture: Motion to Proceed to S. 3385)

- On the Cloture Motion (Motion to Invoke Cloture: Motion to Proceed to S. 3386)

Saturday, December 20, 2025

On this Day in History: South Carolina becomes the first state to attempt to secede from the United States with the South Carolina Declaration of Secession

- What were the Ordinances of Secession?

- Click here for the South Carolina Declaration of the Immediate Causes Which Induce and Justify the Secession of South Carolina from the Federal Union.

- Click here for the text.

Some highlights: 

The people of the State of South Carolina, in Convention assembled, on the 26th day of April, A.D. 1852, declared that the frequent violations of the Constitution of the United States, by the Federal Government, and its encroachments upon the reserved rights of the States, fully justified this State in then withdrawing from the Federal Union; but in deference to the opinions and wishes of the other slaveholding States, she forbore at that time to exercise this right. Since that time, these encroachments have continued to increase, and further forbearance ceases to be a virtue. 

. . . We affirm that these ends for which this Government was instituted have been defeated, and the Government itself has been made destructive of them by the action of the non-slaveholding States. Those States have assume the right of deciding upon the propriety of our domestic institutions; and have denied the rights of property established in fifteen of the States and recognized by the Constitution; they have denounced as sinful the institution of slavery; they have permitted open establishment among them of societies, whose avowed object is to disturb the peace and to eloign the property of the citizens of other States. They have encouraged and assisted thousands of our slaves to leave their homes; and those who remain, have been incited by emissaries, books and pictures to servile insurrection.

For twenty-five years this agitation has been steadily increasing, until it has now secured to its aid the power of the common Government. Observing the forms of the Constitution, a sectional party has found within that Article establishing the Executive Department, the means of subverting the Constitution itself. A geographical line has been drawn across the Union, and all the States north of that line have united in the election of a man to the high office of President of the United States, whose opinions and purposes are hostile to slavery. He is to be entrusted with the administration of the common Government, because he has declared that that "Government cannot endure permanently half slave, half free," and that the public mind must rest in the belief that slavery is in the course of ultimate extinction.

This sectional combination for the submersion of the Constitution, has been aided in some of the States by elevating to citizenship, persons who, by the supreme law of the land, are incapable of becoming citizens; and their votes have been used to inaugurate a new policy, hostile to the South, and destructive of its beliefs and safety.

On the 4th day of March next, this party will take possession of the Government. It has announced that the South shall be excluded from the common territory, that the judicial tribunals shall be made sectional, and that a war must be waged against slavery until it shall cease throughout the United States.

The guaranties of the Constitution will then no longer exist; the equal rights of the States will be lost. The slaveholding States will no longer have the power of self-government, or self-protection, and the Federal Government will have become their enemy.



Dear ChaptGPT: Does the U.S. Constitution grant states the right to seceed?

Friday, December 19, 2025

What laws impact . . .

the human resources profession?

business development?

how one becomes a flight nurse?

becoming an Epic Analyst?

how one becomes a registered nurse?

- how one becomes a family law attorney?

- how one becomes an obstetrician gynecologist?

- how one becomes a Diagnostic Imaging Tech?

- how one becomes an orthopedic surgeon or a pediatrician?

- how one becomes a Psychiatric Mental Health Nurse Practitioner?

how one becomes electrical engineer?

how one becomes a crime scene investigator?

- how one becomes a mentor?

- how one becomes a Certified Public Accountant?

Why Philadelphia Is the Opposite of Every U.S. City

GOVT 2305 doesn't cover local government, or the various ways that cities can be designed. Cities are one of the many components of local government - along with counties, independent school districts, and such - so it fits within the greater concept of federalism. The creation of local governments is one of the powers delegated to the states. Cities also enforce states laws, which can include the enforcement of national laws. 

With that out of the way, here is a look at how one of the older cities in the US was created. 

Enjoy. 



Thursday, December 18, 2025

This Week in Congress

Interested in keeping up? 

You might consider referring to the following: 

- Congress.gov: Most-Viewed Bills.
- GovTrack.
- U.S. House of Representatives: Schedule.
- U.S. Senate.

AI can be iffy when it addresses questions about current events, but this is how AI overview answered the question on 12/18/2025: 

This week in Congress (Dec 18, 2025), the House is focused on appropriations (funding bills) and various committee hearings on topics like PFAS, research security, and online predators, with votes expected on items like the SPEED Act and mining regulations, while the Senate is working on passing the National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA) and wrestling with government funding packages (minibuses). Key issues include a potential vote on a congressional stock trading ban in the new year and debates over broadband funding.

House of Representatives
- Legislative Focus: Debate and potential votes on several bills, including the SPEED Act (environmental reviews), Mining Regulatory Clarity Act, Pet and Livestock Protection Act, and others related to Medicaid and child protection.
- Key Hearings: Judiciary Committee markup on violent crime bills; Energy & Commerce subcommittee on PFAS liability; Science subcommittee on CHIPS Act implementation.
- Stock Trading: House Republican leaders committed to a new year vote on banning stock trading for members, but not presidents.

Senate
- NDAA: Working to pass the revised National Defense Authorization Act after it passed the House.
- Government Funding: Senate GOP trying to move a "minibus" of five spending bills, facing potential Democratic holds.
- Broadband Funding: A new bill from Senator Wicker aims to provide states with broadband funds, conflicting with other proposals to claw back money.

Major Issues & Developments
- Continuing Resolutions: Congress is managing appropriations to keep the government funded.
- Special Counsel: House Judiciary plans to question former Special Counsel Jack Smith behind closed doors.
- Policy Debates: Discussions continue on health care subsidies and foreign digital markets regulations.

Wednesday, December 10, 2025

Is the state of Texas really indivisible?

It says so in the Texas Pledge of Allegiance.

But we can sub divide into up to four additonal states according to the Joint Resolution for Annexing Texas to the United States signed on March 1, 1845.

So what do we do about that????

From ChatGPT: Can Texas split into five states?

From AI Overview: 

The current Texas Pledge of Allegiance, as amended in 2007, is:

"Honor the Texas flag; I pledge allegiance to thee, Texas, one state under God, one and indivisible."
This pledge is typically recited after the Pledge of Allegiance to the U.S. flag in Texas public schools.

Key Facts

Daily Recitation: State law requires public and charter school students to recite the U.S. and Texas pledges daily, followed by a moment of silence.

Opt-Out Provision: Students can be excused from participating in the pledges and the moment of silence with written permission from a parent or guardian.

History of Amendments:The original pledge, adopted in 1933, mistakenly referred to the "Texas Flag of 1836".

The phrase "of 1836" was removed in 1965 to correct the historical error (the current "Lone Star Flag" was adopted in 1839).

The phrase "one state under God" was added in 2007 by House Bill 1034.

The legal text governing the pledge can be found in the Texas Government Code, Chapter 3100.

From Slate: Take the Impossible “Literacy” Test Louisiana Gave Black Voters in the 1960s

- Click here for the article.  

I heard some students talk about these in class today. Thought I'd contribute.

:)

Dear ChatGPT: What laws regulate the nursing profession?

For my prospective nursing students.

- Click here for the full answer

Topics - general laws: 

1. State Nurse Practice Acts (NPAs) — The Primary Source of Regulation
2. State Board of Nursing Regulations
3. Federal Laws Affecting Nursing Practice
4. Accreditation & Professional Standards (Quasi-Legal Influence)
5. Tort Law, Malpractice Law, and Common Law
6. Local Hospital/Facility Policies (Contractual/Administrative Rules)
7. Laws Specific to Advanced Practice Registered Nurses (APRNs)

Topics - Texas laws: 

I. Texas Constitutional Authority
II. Texas Statutory Law: The Texas Nurse Practice Act
III. Texas Laws Specifically Governing APRNs
IV. Licensing of Nursing Education Programs
V. Administrative Law (Texas Board of Nursing Rules)
VI. Federal Laws That Affect Texas Nursing Practice
VII. Case Law (Texas + Federal) Shaping Nursing Practice
VIII. Local Institutional Policies

Tuesday, December 9, 2025

A Key Question for the Supreme Court: What About the Fed?

 https://www.nytimes.com/2025/12/09/us/politics/supreme-court-fed.html

Supreme Court Is Asked to Take Another Ax to Campaign Finance Limits

 https://www.nytimes.com/2025/12/09/us/politics/supreme-court-campaign-finance.html

Have you seen this (AI-generated) man? Police swap suspect sketches for AI.

 https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2025/12/09/ai-police-suspect-sketch-arizona/

Sunday, November 30, 2025

From the Houston Chronicle: Final rules on Texas’ voucher program are out. Here are the key takeaways


- Click here for the article.


The comptroller’s office finalized rules for Texas’ $1 billion school voucher program, setting a timeline for the roll out, the amount that certain families can receive and how parents can get in line for a lottery.

The rules come as the program is set to open up applications next month for private vendors that want to participate. Applications for families are set to open in February.

The finalized rules, released by acting Texas comptroller Kelly Hancock Tuesday evening, came in response to feedback from numerous private schools, businesses, doctors and advocacy groups.

Here’s how some of those decisions ended up:

- Pre-K students will receive full benefits
- Newly-opened private schools can receive voucher dollars
- Parents will be able to apply starting Feb. 4
- IEPs required for disability-related funds, but not priority in line
- No enhanced accountability measures
- No re-sales of purchased items
- No re-applications

From LawFare: Trump Is Usurping Congress’s Power of the Purse

 - Click here for the analysis.

The Trump administration’s recent efforts to impound congressional appropriations create a fundamental challenge to Congress’s constitutional power of the purse (“No Money shall be drawn from the Treasury, but in Consequence of Appropriations made by Law”). Unapproved rescissions and other tools have led to money no longer being available for its enacted purposes. While terms such as “impoundment” and “rescission” are not well known or understood by most people even within the federal government, much less across the country, the bottom line is that funding specified in legislation passed by elected representatives and signed into law by the president is increasingly at risk of not being spent consistent with the law.

Impoundment involves actions or inactions taken by the executive branch to preclude spending money designated by law for specific purposes (appropriations). The Office of Management and Budget’s (OMB’s) annual guidance to executive departments on budget preparations and execution (Circular No. A-11) previously defined impoundment as “any Executive Branch action or inaction that withholds or precludes the obligation or expenditure of budget authority.” However, OMB’s 2025 version of this circular issued by Director Russ Vought in August removed that definition, noting that, “The Impoundment Control Act of 1974 applies only to proposals to rescind funds and proposals to defer funds.”


- - Does the president have spending powers apart from Congress?

- - How have presidential attempts to expand spending powers been checked in the past?


From the Washington Post: Congressional committees to scrutinize U.S. killing of boat strike survivors

- Click here for the article.

Republican-led committees in the Senate and the House say they will amplify their scrutiny of the Pentagon after a Washington Post report revealing that Defense Secretary Pete Hegseth gave a spoken order to kill all crew members aboard a vessel suspected of smuggling drugs in the Caribbean Sea several weeks ago.

. . . Late Friday, Sen. Roger Wicker (R-Mississippi), the chairman of the Senate Armed Services Committee, and Sen. Jack Reed (Rhode Island), the committee’s top Democrat, issued a statement saying that the committee “is aware of recent news reports — and the Department of Defense’s initial response — regarding alleged follow-on strikes on suspected narcotics vessels.” The committee, they said, “has directed inquiries to the Department, and we will be conducting vigorous oversight to determine the facts related to these circumstances.”

The leaders of the House Armed Services Committee, Rep. Mike D. Rogers (R-Alabama) and Rep. Adam Smith (D-Washington), followed suit late Saturday. In a brief joint statement, the pair said they are “taking bipartisan action to gather a full accounting of the operation in question.” The committee, they noted, is “committed to providing rigorous oversight of the Department of Defense’s military operations in the Caribbean.”


- - What makes an attack ordered by the president lawful?

- - Provide a history of attacks authorized by the president over American history.

- - What is the history of congressional authorization of military actions since 1789?

- - What is the history of American military intervention in the western hemisphere?

Wednesday, November 26, 2025

What confuses you about the subject matter?

Thsi is based on the info you gave me in assignment 11. I combined all the ACC answers in one word document and asked ChatGPT to evaluate it. It did a pretty good job.

- Here is the full answer.

Here's a shortened version of the info: 

Top 5 Government Topics Students Find Most Confusing

Quick Study Guide: This handout highlights the five areas that students most often misunderstand. Use it to guide your studying, ask better questions, and connect topics together.


1. Federalism: Who Has Power Over What?

Federalism means power is shared between the national and state governments — but in real life, the lines are blurry.

Students are often unsure:
- Who controls issues like healthcare, education, immigration, or environmental policy.
- When federal law overrides state law.
- Why federal funding pressures states to do certain things.
- How court rulings shift power back and forth.

Big idea: Federal and state powers overlap more than the textbook makes it seem.


2. Separation of Powers & Checks and Balances

On paper, each branch has separate powers. In practice, their roles overlap and depend heavily on politics.

Common confusions:
- When the President’s power stops.
- Why emergency powers expand executive authority.
- Why checks and balances sometimes fail when branches share the same political party.
- How Congress, the President, and the courts actually limit one another.

Big idea: Power-sharing is messier in the real world than in diagrams.


3. Courts, Rights, and Constitutional Interpretation

Students struggle to connect court structures and legal concepts to actual cases.

Confusions include:
- Differences between district, appellate, and Supreme Court.
- Who is allowed to sue whom.
- Civil liberties vs. civil rights.
- How the 14th Amendment applies rights to the states.
- How constitutional meaning changes through court decisions.

Big idea: The Constitution doesn’t explain everything — courts fill in the details.


4. The Electoral College & Voting Rules

The election system is more complicated than “the person with the most votes wins.”

Students often misunderstand:
- Why the Electoral College exists.
- How electors are chosen and why states use winner-take-all.
- What “faithless electors” are.
- Why the popular vote winner can lose the presidency.
- Why voter registration rules can remove inactive voters.

Big idea: Americans vote for electors, not directly for the President.


5. Political Influence: Parties, Interest Groups, Lobbying, PACs

Many students mix together organizations that serve different functions.

Key confusions:
- Political parties = win elections
- Interest groups = influence policy
- Lobbying ≠ bribery (though money can create influence)
- PACs, Super PACs, and 527 groups all follow different rules about fundraising and spending.

Big idea: Money and organized groups shape politics in ways that aren’t obvious from the outside.

Monday, November 24, 2025

Sunday, November 23, 2025

Friday, November 21, 2025

Dear AI Overview: What is an Unlawful Order?

An unlawful order is a command that is clearly contrary to the Constitution, U.S. law, or international law, and service members are legally required to disobey it. These are not simply disliked or controversial orders, but those that involve clear violations, such as intentionally targeting civilians, committing war crimes, or falsifying records. While an order's lawfulness is sometimes ambiguous, the obligation to refuse an order is clear when its illegality is obvious.


Characteristics of an unlawful order:

- Constitutional violations: An order that contravenes the U.S. Constitution is unlawful.
- Statutory violations: An order that violates federal or state laws is unlawful. This includes orders to misuse resources or interfere with lawful protests.
- International law violations: An order that constitutes a war crime or violates other principles of international law is unlawful.
- "Manifestly illegal": For an order to be considered "manifestly illegal," its illegality must be clear and obvious to the service member receiving it.


Examples:

- Intentionally targeting civilians
- Committing acts of torture or abuse
- Falsifying official documents
- Theft or assault


Consequences

- For the service member: Following an unlawful order does not absolve a service member from criminal responsibility for any laws violated.
- For the commander: The commander who gave the unlawful order is also responsible under the doctrine of command responsibility.
- For the service member refusing: A service member who disobeys a lawful order faces disciplinary action, but refusing an unlawful order is a legal obligation.


How to handle an uncertain order

- Seek legal advice: If there is doubt about an order's lawfulness, service members should seek legal counsel from military lawyers as soon as possible.
- Consult the chain of command: Advice can be sought from legal advisors up the chain of command to resolve the issue.

 https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2025/11/20/meta-google-apple-amazon-antitrust/

What role did the North American colonies play in the British foreign policy from 1607 until 1776

What was the foreign policy of the United States between 1776 and 1787?

What was the basis of the foreign policy of the United States between 1787 and 2025?

Wednesday, November 19, 2025

Dear ChatGPT: List financial panics, depressions, and recessions over American history.

- Click here.

Dear ChatGPT: What is the difference between a stable and an unstable economy?

 A solid financial system is supposed to make it stable, but what does that mean? 


A stable economy is one in which the key economic indicators—growth, inflation, employment, financial markets—move gradually and predictably. An unstable economy experiences sharp swings, unpredictability, or persistent imbalances. Here’s a clear breakdown:

Stable Economy: A stable economy shows consistency, predictability, and resilience.

Key Features
- Steady economic growth: GDP expands at a moderate, sustainable pace without booms or crashes.
- Low and predictable inflation: Prices rise gradually, making planning easier for households and businesses.
- Low unemployment: Job markets fluctuate only modestly; layoffs and hiring remain steady.
- Sound financial system: Banks and credit markets function smoothly with low risk of crisis.
- Balanced government finances: Deficits and debt grow slowly or remain manageable.
- Stable currency: Exchange rates don’t fluctuate wildly.
- High consumer and business confidence: People feel comfortable making long-term plans and investments.

Effects
- Encourages long-term investment
- Reduces risk of financial crises
- Improves standard of living through steady gains


Unstable Economy: An unstable economy shows volatility, unpredictability, and recurring shocks.

Key Features
- Boom-and-bust cycles: Rapid expansions followed by recessions or depressions.
- High or volatile inflation: Prices may spike (inflation) or fall (deflation), making planning difficult.
- High or fluctuating unemployment: Job markets experience rapid layoffs or unstable hiring.
- Financial instability: Banking crises, credit crunches, asset bubbles (e.g., housing, stocks).
- Large fiscal imbalances: Rising deficits or unsustainable public debt.
- Exchange rate volatility: Currency value changes rapidly, affecting trade and investment.
- Low confidence: Households and businesses hesitate to invest or spend due to uncertainty.

Effects
- Reduced investment and growth
- Increased likelihood of recessions or crises
- Erosion of living standards, especially for vulnerable communities

Simplified Explanation
- A stable economy is like a calm sea—small waves, predictable tides.
- An unstable economy is like a storm—big waves, sudden changes, and danger for anyone caught in it.

Regarding State Regulations of AI

From the Council of State Governments: How U.S. States are Engaging with the Fast-Moving AI Sector.

- Click here

Also: Dear ChatGPT: What conflicts exist over the regulation of AI?
Also also: HB 149 - 89(R).
Aslo also also: Subtitle D Texas Business and Commerce Code

LULAC v. Abbott

Here is the district court decision regardng Texas' recent redistricting: 

- Click here for it.

- Click here for a summary of it from ChatGPT.

In August 2025, the State of Texas enacted a new electoral map to govern elections for the U.S. House of Representatives (the “2025 Map”). Claiming that the 2025 Map is racially discriminatory, six groups of Plaintiffs (the “Plaintiff Groups”) ask the Court to preliminarily enjoin the State from using the 2025 Map for the 2026 elections.

For the reasons explained below, the Court PRELIMINARILY ENJOINS the State from using the 2025 Map. The Court ORDERS that the 2026 congressional election in Texas shall proceed under the map that the Texas Legislature enacted in 2021 (the “2021 Map”).



- What projects in the Houston area were funded by the ARRA?

- Panic of 1837.

- Wave elections in the United States.

- Court order striking down Texas redistricting map upends plans for candidates across the state.

- Why some Texas teachers are being forced to “deadname” trans students under a new state law.

- Texas moves ahead with regulating hemp industry as federal ban looms.

- Texas AG Ken Paxton sues three school districts for not displaying Ten Commandments in classrooms.

- Federal appeals court will hear arguments in Texas’ and Louisiana’s Ten Commandments cases in January.

 


Tuesday, November 18, 2025






Three business that lobbied for the Commercial Space Launch Competitiveness Act of 2015

Planetary Resources.

Deep Space Industries.

Bigelow Aerospace.

Dear ChatGPT: Describe the political organizations that promote the interests of the commercial space industry.

 

A song - by AI - as prompted by Emilio Adrien Uribe

“Who Owns the Moon”


Verse 1

I was walking home at twilight
When the city lights came on
And the silver sky above me
Felt like an old familiar song
There she was, high and quiet
Like she’s been since time began
And I wondered for a moment
If she’s watching every man


Chorus

Tell me, who owns the moon
When she rises soft and bright
Is she mine for just a minute
Or for lovers in the night
Is she promised to the dreamers
Or the hearts that fall too soon
I keep asking every evening
Who owns the moon


Verse 2

Some folks say she’s for the poets
Who can’t sleep until they write
Others swear she’s for the lonely
Who find comfort in her light
But when I’m standing on the rooftop
And the world is drifting far
I could swear she leans in closer
Like she knows just who we are


Chorus

Tell me, who owns the moon
When she paints the clouds in blue
Is she shared among the hopeful
Or the ones who made it through
Does she shine for every heartbeat
Or for one sweet midnight tune
I keep asking to the heavens
Who owns the moon


Bridge

Maybe she belongs to no one
Maybe that’s the secret plan
A reminder in the darkness
There’s a light for every man
And the truth the night keeps hiding
I’ll discover soon enough
She was never meant for keeping
Only meant for giving love


Final Chorus

So who owns the moon
When she glows above the sea
Maybe no one really holds her
Still she feels like home to me
She’s a gift we never purchased
But we treasure like a boon
I guess maybe that’s the answer
No one owns the moon

__________

Seriously though - From AI Overview: 

No one owns the moon because of the 1967 Outer Space Treaty, which states that space is a global commons belonging to all countries, not to be claimed by any single nation. While individuals and companies can sell "lunar real estate," these claims are not legally valid and are often considered novelties or scams. The treaty was designed to prevent any country from claiming sovereignty over the moon and mandates that its exploration and use should benefit all humankind.

The Outer Space Treaty: This international agreement prohibits any nation from claiming sovereignty over the moon or any other celestial body.

Global Commons: The treaty designates the moon as a "global commons," meaning it is open for exploration and use by all states, but no one can take ownership of it.

Individual Claims: Any claims to lunar property by individuals or private companiesare not legally enforceable, as they lack the authority of a nation-state to recognize them under the treaty.

Enforcement: Because no country can own the moon, and because the treaty makes no provision for an international authority to regulate it, the only way to stop harmful activities or resource exploitation is through the cooperation of sovereign states.


More informative, but kinda boring lyrically.

Sunday, November 16, 2025

 





For our look at U.S. Economic Policy

What role did the North American colonies play in the British economy from 1607 until 1776?

What was the economic condition of the American colonies prior to 1776?

What was the economic condition of the United States between 1776 and 1787?

What was the basis of the economic policy of the United States between 1787 and 2025?


Dear ChatGPT: List chronologically the top 20 economic policy bills.


1. Tariff of 1789 (1789): Established the young nation’s first major revenue stream and laid the foundation for early American protectionism and industrial development.

2. First Bank of the United States Act (1791): Created the nation’s first central financial institution, stabilizing public credit and enabling a unified monetary system.

3. Second Bank of the United States Act (1816): Re-established national banking after the War of 1812, providing currency stability and centralized control over credit in a growing economy.

4. Tariff of 1828 (“Tariff of Abominations”) (1828): One of the highest protective tariffs in U.S. history; critical in the shift toward domestic industrialization and sectional conflict.

5. Pacific Railway Act (1862): Enabled the transcontinental railroad; fundamentally reshaped national commerce, settlement patterns, and industrial integration.

6. National Banking Acts (1863–1864): Created a national currency, a national bank system, and uniform government bonds—cornerstones of the post–Civil War financial order.

7. Interstate Commerce Act (1887): First federal regulation of private business; curbed railroad abuses and established the principle of federal oversight of commerce.

8. Sherman Antitrust Act (1890): The foundation of U.S. antitrust law; allowed government to challenge monopolies and protect competitive markets.

9. Federal Reserve Act (1913): Created the Federal Reserve System, giving the U.S. its first permanent central bank and modern monetary policy tools.

10. Smoot–Hawley Tariff Act (1930): Dramatically increased tariffs, worsening the Great Depression; pivotal because it reshaped U.S. trade policy and demonstrated the dangers of protectionism.

11. National Industrial Recovery Act (1933): An early New Deal attempt to reorganize industrial production, labor relations, and pricing—marking unprecedented federal involvement in the economy.

12. Social Security Act (1935): Established retirement, disability, and unemployment insurance; became a permanent pillar of the welfare state with massive economic influence.

13. Employment Act (1946): Committed the federal government to maintaining full employment and economic stability, institutionalizing Keynesian macroeconomic management.

14. Economic Opportunity Act (1964): Core of the War on Poverty; expanded federal education, job training, and community programs, altering social and labor-market policy.

15. Tax Reform Act of 1986: Overhauled the tax code by lowering rates and broadening the base; a major bipartisan reform reshaping taxation for decades.

16. Gramm–Leach–Bliley Act (1999): Ended Glass–Steagall restrictions by merging commercial banking, investment banking, and insurance; restructured the financial sector.

17. Economic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation Act (2001): Large tax cuts affecting income, estate, and dividend taxation; set the fiscal trajectory for the 2000s and increased the federal deficit.

18. Emergency Economic Stabilization Act (TARP) (2008): Authorized financial-sector bailouts during the global financial crisis; prevented systemic collapse and shaped future crisis-management policy.

19. American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (2009): A massive post-crisis stimulus program; expanded infrastructure, aid to states, and social support, accelerating economic recovery.

20. Inflation Reduction Act (2022): Largest climate and green industrial policy in U.S. history; uses subsidies and tax incentives to reshape energy, manufacturing, and supply chains.

Friday, November 14, 2025

Senate Select Committee on Civil Discourse and Freedom of Speech in Higher Education

- Click here

Regarding Westward Expansion

 





The top 20 laws: 

Proclamation Line of 1763: Restricted colonial settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains. Significant because it was the first major attempt to regulate western expansion—and a major source of colonial resentment.

Land Ordinance of 1785: Created the township-and-range survey grid still used today. Structured how western land would be divided, sold, and settled.

Northwest Ordinance of 1787: Established how new western territories would become states; banned slavery north of the Ohio River. Defined the template for all future continental expansion.

Louisiana Purchase (1803): Doubled U.S. territory. Created the geographical foundation for westward expansion and future conflicts over slavery.

Lewis and Clark Expedition Authorization (1803–1804): Not a single statute, but the federal authorization funded the reconnaissance that guided expansion, diplomacy, and claims to the Pacific Northwest.

Indian Removal Act (1830): Authorized removal of Native tribes east of the Mississippi. Central to the forced displacement that opened the Southeast and Midwest to white settlement.

Preemption Act of 1841: Legalized squatter’s rights, allowing settlers to purchase improved land cheaply. Encouraged mass migration into the West before formal surveys.

Texas Annexation Resolutions (1845): Triggered the U.S.–Mexico War; pivotal for acquiring vast southwestern lands.

Oregon Treaty (1846): Secured U.S. claims in the Pacific Northwest. Set the U.S.–British boundary at the 49th parallel.

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848): Ended the Mexican–American War and transferred what is now CA/NV/UT/AZ/NM/CO/WY. The largest land cession in American history after Louisiana.

Homestead Act (1862): Granted 160 acres of free land to settlers. One of the most important settlement laws in U.S. history; dominated western migration patterns for 60 years.

Pacific Railway Acts (1862, 1864): Funded the transcontinental railroad through land grants and loans. Created national markets, population booms, and massive land dispossession for tribes.

Morrill Land-Grant Act (1862): Indirect but major: funded universities that developed agricultural science, transforming the rural frontier economy.

Dawes Act (General Allotment Act, 1887): Dissolved tribal landownership and allotted parcels to individuals. Resulted in the loss of ~90 million acres of Native land.

Reclamation Act (1902): Financed irrigation projects across the West. Enabled settlement of arid regions (CA, AZ, NV, NM); fundamental to modern Western agriculture.

Federal Reserve Act (1913) — Indirect: Created stable capital markets that enabled infrastructure and resource extraction across the West.

Federal Highway Act (1956): The Interstate Highway System made remote regions economically viable. One of the most transformative infrastructure laws for the post-frontier West.

Indian Reorganization Act (1934): Reversed the Dawes Act; restored tribal land bases and governance. Critical for understanding the long arc of federal-Native relations shaped by expansion.

Wilderness Act (1964): Shifted federal land policy from settlement/resource extraction toward preservation. Marked the end of the “expansionist” phase of U.S. land policy.

Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act (ANCSA, 1971): Settled Indigenous land claims in Alaska, transferring 44 million acres to Native corporations. A major modern land-allocation milestone tied to frontier resource extraction.

What is predictive policing?

It's something Palantir offers law enforcement.

- Click here for the Wikipedia entry


Predictive policing is the usage of mathematics, predictive analytics, and other analytical techniques in law enforcement to identify potential criminal activity. A report published by the RAND Corporation identified four general categories predictive policing methods fall into: methods for predicting crimes, methods for predicting offenders, methods for predicting perpetrators' identities, and methods for predicting victims of crime.


Methodology

Predictive policing uses data on the times, locations and nature of past crimes to provide insight to police strategists concerning where, and at what times, police patrols should patrol, or maintain a presence, in order to make the best use of resources or to have the greatest chance of deterring or preventing future crimes. This type of policing detects signals and patterns in crime reports to anticipate if crime will spike, when a shooting may occur, where the next car will be broken into, and who the next crime victim will be. Algorithms are produced by taking into account these factors, which consist of large amounts of data that can be analyzed. The use of algorithms creates a more effective approach that speeds up the process of predictive policing since it can quickly factor in different variables to produce an automated outcome. From the predictions the algorithm generates, they should be coupled with a prevention strategy, which typically sends an officer to the predicted time and place of the crime. The use of automated predictive policing supplies a more accurate and efficient process when looking at future crimes because there is data to back up decisions, rather than just the instincts of police officers. By having police use information from predictive policing, they are able to anticipate the concerns of communities, wisely allocate resources to times and places, and prevent victimization.

Police may also use data accumulated on shootings and the sounds of gunfire to identify locations of shootings. The city of Chicago uses data blended from population mapping crime statistics to improve monitoring and identify patterns.

Tuesday, November 11, 2025

From Scotusblog: Justices agree to decide major election law case

The case is Watson v. Republican National Committee

It concerns mail-in voting and whether they can be counted if receive after the election. 

Dear ChatGPT: What are the controversies concerning counting mail in ballots?

From the article: 

Setting the stage for a major ruling on election law, the Supreme Court on Monday agreed to decide whether federal law requires ballots to be not only cast by voters but also received by election officials by Election Day. As part of the list of orders from the justices’ private conference on Friday, the court took up Watson v. Republican National Committee, a challenge by the Republican National Committee and others to a Mississippi law (as well as similar laws in 30 other states and the District of Columbia) that allow mail-in ballots to be counted as long as they are received within five business days after Election Day. . . .

It's Treason Time in Tennessee: The Wild Story of the First Impeachment ...

What is topography? What is the United States Geologial Survey?

- Click here for the Wikipedia entry:  


Topography is the study of forms and features of land surfaces. The topography of an area may refer to landforms and features themselves, or a description or depiction in maps.

Topography is a field of geoscience and planetary science, and is concerned with local detail in general, including not only relief, but also natural, artificial, and cultural features such as roads, land boundaries, and buildings.[1] In the United States, topography often means specifically relief, even though the USGS topographic maps record not just elevation contours, but also roads, populated places, structures, land boundaries, and so on.[2]

Topography in a narrow sense involves the recording of relief or terrain, the three-dimensional quality of the surface, and the identification of specific landforms; this is also known as geomorphometry. In modern usage, this involves generation of elevation data in digital form (DEM). It is often considered to include the graphic representation of the landform on a map by a variety of cartographic relief depiction techniques, including contour lines, hypsometric tints, and relief shading.


- Click here for the United States Geological Survey.

The United States Geological Survey (USGS), founded as the Geological Survey, is an agency of the United States Department of the Interior whose work spans the disciplines of biology, geography, geology, and hydrology. The agency was founded on March 3, 1879, to study the landscape of the United States, its natural resources, and the natural hazards that threaten it. The agency also makes maps of planets and moons, based on data from U.S. space probes.

The sole scientific agency of the U.S. Department of the Interior, USGS is a fact-finding research organization with no regulatory responsibility.[2] It is headquartered in Reston, Virginia, with major offices near Lakewood, Colorado; at the Denver Federal Center; and in NASA Research Park in California.[3] In 2009, it employed about 8,670 people.[4]


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 Click here for the history of the USGS from its website.