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The concept is called gerrymandering - which you should know by now if you've been reading your notes - and will likely be covered in your final. One of the features of gerrymandered districts is their unusual shapes, these are necessary in order to contain as many partisans - reliable Democratic or Republican voters - in single districts. This is how state legislatures can guarantee that a specific district remain in Democratic or Republican hands.
The author highlights changes in the design of these two districts over the past 50 years to make his point:
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